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Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning. Generalizing from cases seen to infer information African elephant (3.2-4.0m) Asian elephant (2.5-3.0m) So we cannot find an elephant < 1.5m? (Only) proved to be false Deductive vs. inductive More reliable? Generate new information?. Wason’s Cards.

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Inductive Reasoning

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  1. Inductive Reasoning • Generalizing from cases seen to infer information • African elephant (3.2-4.0m) • Asian elephant (2.5-3.0m) • So we cannot find an elephant < 1.5m? • (Only) proved to be false • Deductive vs. inductive • More reliable? • Generate new information?

  2. Wason’s Cards

  3. Abductive Reasoning • Derive explanations • How people perceived XY? • X相對於背景的顯著程度 • 「氧氣、電線、達到燃點」 • 描述的先後順序 • See next two slides

  4. Problem Solving

  5. Problem Space Theory • Newell & Simon • Problem space including problem states • States: initial/goal • State transition operator • Legal/illegal • Considering human constraints • Short-term memory

  6. Problem Space Theory goal state

  7. Farmer-Wolf-Goat-Cabbage Problem

  8. Farmer-Wolf-Goat-Cabbage Problem

  9. Class Discussion • How many states does a user have in editing text in MS Word?

  10. Analogical Mapping • 假設你是一個醫生，正在治療一位胃癌病患 • 病情不允許開刀 • 不去除腫瘤的話，病人將死亡 • 你可以使用X光消滅腫瘤 • 強度足以摧毀腫瘤的X光也會殺死健康組織 • 強度不足的X光無法摧毀腫瘤 • 如何消滅腫瘤，但不要破壞周圍的健康組織？

  11. Analogical Mapping

  12. Bridging the Gap in Computer Security Warnings: a Mental Model Approach, IEEE Security & Privacy, 2011, pp. 18-26. • Computer security warnings • Standard warnings • Risks (Likelihood + Consequences) + Instructions • Goal • What are novices thinking in facing warnings? • What are the differences between advanced users and novices?

  13. Mental Models

  14. Mental Models

  15. Mental Models

  16. Mental Models

  17. Rigidity in problem solving: Functional Fixedness fixation Maier’s (1931) two-string problem

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