Delivering Your Speech Steven A. Beebe & Susan J. Beebe

1. Delivering Your Speech Steven A. Beebe & Susan J. Beebe

2. Speech vs. Talking

3. The Power of Speech Delivery Delivery is important. Not just what is said, but how it is said. Nonverbal Communication: communication other than written or spoken that creates meaning.

4. The Power of Speech Delivery 65% of a message’s meaning is based on nonverbals. Speakers can lose credibility if delivery disappoints listeners (Nonverbal ExpectancyTheory). Emotions can spread to listeners (EmotionalContagion). When nonverbals and verbals contradict, listeners believe nonverbals more.

5. The Jabberwock (Lewis Carroll – Through the Looking Glass) 'Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe."Beware the Jabberwock, my son!The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!Beware the Jubjub bird, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch!"He took his vorpal sword in hand:Long time the manxome foe he sought—So rested he by the Tumtum tree,And stood awhile in thought.

6. And as in uffish thought he stood,The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,And burbled as it came!One, two! One, two! and through and throughThe vorpal blade went snicker-snack!He left it dead, and with its headHe went galumphing back."And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?Come to my arms, my beamish boy!O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"He chortled in his joy.'Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.

7. The Power of Speech Delivery Delivery is important. Not just what is said, but how it is said. Nonverbal Communication: communication other than written or spoken that creates meaning.

8. Methods of Delivery

9. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Good eye contact. Effective gestures. Good movements. Structured posture. Strong facial expression. Effective vocal delivery. Appropriate physical appearance.

11. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Good eye contact Is established with entire audience. Connects with people; for 2 – 3 seconds or more. Does not look above heads. Varies naturally (not mechanically).

12. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective gestures Use of hands to emphasize key ideas. Functions of gestures: Repeat: illustrate Contradict: oppose Substitute: replace Complement: enhance Emphasize: accentuate Regulate: control

13. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective gestures Are natural. Are definite & have a purpose. Are consistent with your words. Do not call attention to themselves. Are appropriate to the audience and occasion.

14. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective movement should Be controlled. Be made with a purpose. Create closeness with the audience. Highlight transitions. Not be overdone.

15. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective posture Can enhance credibility. Can intensify emotions. Is adjusted to the occasion: Informal (more relaxed). Formal (more professional). Means to stand up straight. Don’t slump or slouch.

16. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective facial expression Should reflect the mood of the speech. Should reflect the purpose also. Should be sincere. Remember: Listeners see face before hearing words.

17. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Adequate volume. Clear articulation. Non-distracting dialect. Solid pronunciation. Display vocal variety.

18. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Adequate volume: Loud enough to create desired effect, while also allowing people to hear message.

19. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Clear articulation (enunciation): producing clear sounds of each syllable & word.

20. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Dialect: pronunciation related to an ethnic group or geographical region. Note: dialects generally okay, as long as content is not distracting.

21. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Pronunciation: use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately. Note: work to prolong sounds that can get mispronounced.

22. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Vocal variety: diverse qualities of voice. Pitch: highness & lowness of voice. Inflections: changes in pitch. Rate: how fast or slow you speak. Pauses: use of silence. Avoid vocalized pauses (uh, um, er). Vary pitch, inflections, rate and pauses.

23. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Personal Appearance. Appropriate wardrobe depends on: Climate. Custom. Culture. Audience. Do not violate audience expectations for your appearance.

24. Pause

25. Everyone Persuades

26. Persuasion Defined Process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values or behaviors. Attitudes: likes or dislikes. Beliefs: what is regarded as true or false. Values: enduring ideas of what is right/wrong, good/bad. Attitudes: most likely to change. Values: least likely to change. Behaviors: actions displayed.

27. How Persuasion Works The Classical Rhetoric Approach Rhetoric: discovering ways to persuade. Three methods of persuasion: Ethos - creating audience trust & believability through ethics, character & concern for the audience. Logos - rational & logical arguments, through sound evidence. Pathos - emotions that may involve stories, pictures and music. Ethos, logos & pathos motivate people.

28. How to Motivate Listeners Dissonance. Listener Needs. Positive Motivation. Negative Motivation.

29. Positive Motivation Good things will happen if listeners follow speaker’s advice. Emphasize that positive values will be maintained or restored. Emphasize benefits & features. Benefit: a good result appealing to emotions. Feature: rational cognitive explanation appealing to logic.

30. Negative Motivation Bad things will happen if speaker’s advice is not followed. Fear appeals are common. Threats to loved ones work better. Fear appeals work better when speaker credibility is higher. As fear appeals intensify, so do chances of success.

31. Determine your“Persuasive Purpose” Set a reasonable goal. Do not expect drastic changes. Social Judgment Theory: Listeners in latitude of acceptance: more likely to be convinced. Listeners in latitude of rejection or non-commitment: may not be convinced.

32. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Develop your central idea & main ideas State central idea as a proposition: (statement seeking audience agreement) Fact: States something is true or false; or it did or did not happen. Value: Judges something (good or bad, right or wrong, etc.). Policy: Advocates change in law, procedure or behavior. Main ideas should support your proposition.

33. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Proposition of Fact

34. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Proposition of Value

35. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Proposition of Policy

36. Putting Persuasive Principlesinto Practice Learn about listeners’ attitudes, beliefs & values. Create messages that help listeners avoid dissonance. Shown listeners how plan solves a problem or satisfies needs. Manage fear appeals: don’t go overboard, and show how the threat can be controlled.

37. A Sample Persuasive Speech Watch the video, and ask yourself: 1. Is this speech addressing a proposition of fact, value or policy? 2. How does the speaker try to point out cognitive dissonance in the listeners? 3. Which of Maslow’s needs are addressed? 4. What type of organizational pattern does the speaker use? 5. Does the speaker ask for changes in attitudes? Beliefs? Values? Behaviors? 6. What types of sources does the speaker use to substantiate claims?

38. A Sample Persuasive Speech

39. A Sample Persuasive Speech Watch the video, and ask yourself: 1. Is this speech addressing a proposition of fact, value or policy? 2. How does the speaker try to point out cognitive dissonance in the listeners? 3. Which of Maslow’s needs are addressed? 4. What type of organizational pattern does the speaker use? 5. Does the speaker ask for changes in attitudes? Beliefs? Values? Behaviors? 6. What types of sources does the speaker use to substantiate claims?

40. A Question of Ethics. . .

41. Persuasion “…is the process of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas.” - Donald C. Bryant, rhetoric scholar

42. Establishing Credibility Also known as ethos. Audience’s perceptions of the speaker. Various dimensions: Competence- knowledge & skill. Trustworthiness- believability & honesty. Dynamism- energy level. Charisma- charm, talent & magnetism.

43. Enhancing Your Credibility Credibility established in three places: Initial credibility: perceptions before speech. Derived credibility: impressions formed during speech. Terminal credibility: final impressions, after speech. Ways to boost credibility: Well-stressed values and concerns shared with audience. Well-documented evidence. Well-organized ideas. Well-managed delivery.

44. Using Logicand Evidence to Persuade Aristotle: “always prove what you state.” Logos: formal system of rules to reach a conclusion. Reasoning: drawing a conclusion from the evidence.

45. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Inductive Reasoning. Deductive Reasoning. Causal Reasoning.

46. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Using specific examples or instances to reach a general or probable conclusion. Used when one can claim that an outcome is probably true because of specific evidence.

47. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Testing the Validity of Inductive Reasoning Are there enough specific instances to support the conclusion? Are the specific instances typical? Are the instances recent?

48. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Inductive Reasoning: an example

49. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Reasoning by Analogy (a special type of inductive reasoning) Makes a comparison between two things, entities, processes, etc. If you conclude what is true for one can be true for the other, then the analog is strong.

50. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Testing the Validity of Reasoning by Analogy Are similarities between both, greater than differences? Is the conclusion being drawn actually true?