Waste Minimization & Management

1. Waste Minimization & Management

2. WASTE MINIMIZATION • Reasons of waste minimization: • Energy requirement - rises exponentially with increasing waste • Reduce total cost - for collection, segregation, intermediate storage, transport, treatment and final storage • Profitability - waste = inefficiency - reduce waste = efficiency & profitability

3. Clean Technology • Generation of less waste • Consumption of fewer raw materials • Less energy • Cannot be zero waste from any manufacturing process • Once created, waste cannot be destroyed - waste can be minimized in terms of both quantity and toxicity.

4. Hierarchy of Waste Management • Waste reduction – Principally,reduction of waste at source should be achieved by developing clean technologies and processes that require less material in the end products and produce less waste in their manufacture. 2) Re-use – ex: re-use of glass bottles, involve collection, cleaning, and re-use of the same glass bottles. May be undesirable for some cases since involve cost of re-use outweigh its benefits.

5. Decomposition of organic/biodegradable • materials • For soil conditioners, growing materials • for plants • - Ex: glass & aluminum cans • Should have market for recycled • materials 3) Recycling & Composting 4) Energy recovery- from waste incineration or combustion of landfill gas. 5) Landfill

7. WASTE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES 4 major categories: • Inventory management • Production process modification • Volume reduction • Recovery

8. i) Inventory management Inventory management is divided into two: • inventory control • materials control

9. Inventory Control • involves techniques to reduce inventory size and hazardous chemical use while increasing inventory turnover. • proper inventory control help reduce wastes • method that can be used are purchasing in small quantities, purchasing in appropriate container sizes and just-in-time purchasing

10. Materials Control • proper control over the storage of raw materials, products and process waste and the transfer of these items within the process and around the facility. • Minimize the losses through spills, leaks or contamination • Ensure the material is efficiently handled and used in the production process and does not become waste

11. ii) Production process modification • 3 techniques for production process modification: a) operation and maintenance procedures b) material change c) equipment modifications

12. operation and maintenance procedures • corrective and preventive maintenance can reduce waste generation caused by equipment failure. - can help spot potential sources of release and correct a problem before any material is lost.

13. b) material change • the replacement of materials used in either a product formulation or in a production process, can either result in elimination of a hazardous waste or facilitate recovery of a material. • Example: 1. In pharmaceutical company – replace solvent based tablet coating process with a water based process

14. c) equipment modifications • installation of more efficient equipment or modification of equipment can reduce the generation of waste. - installation of completely new equipment may be involved.

15. iii) Volume reduction a) Source segregation - segregation of wastes allows them to be more readily removed or recovered. b) Concentration - concentrate waste through separation processes such as filtration, centrifugation, membrane separations and evaporations

16. iv) Recovery - on-site - off-site On-site Recovery - reduce possible handling losses and allow the management of the waste to remain within the compass of the producer. • Recovered material can be reused as raw material • Example: in printing industry, use vapor recovery system to recover solvents Off-site Recovery - if on-site recovery is not feasible, for economic or other reasons, off-site recovery should be considered. - Waste may be transferred to other company for use as a raw material in the other company’s manufacturing process.

17. Life-Cycle Assessment • Definition: an evaluation of the environmental effects associated with any given activity from the initial gathering of raw material from the earth until the point at which all residuals are returned to the earth.

18. Life-Cycle Assessment • Definition: a systematic inventory and comprehensive assessment of the environmental effects of two or more alternative activities involving defined product in a defined space and time including all steps and co-products in its life cycle.

19. Stages in Life Cycle:

21. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) • Assessment is required for those projects which are likely to have a significant effect on the environment, due to their nature, size or location. • EIA - is a process that requires consideration of the environmental and public participation in the decision-making process of project development. • "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made“-The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)

22. to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. • EIS – environmental impact statement – a review document prepared for assessment in EIA process. • For large-scale waste treatment and disposal project, such as a municipal waste incinerator or landfill site, the environmental assessment would include criteria: • Visual Impact • Air Emissions • Water Discharges • Ash Discharges

23. Human Health – exposure to pollutant emission, ingestion via food chain, water and inhalation. Estimation of hazard and risk • Fauna & Flora - loss of habitat.. • Site Operations – analysis of risks , operational failure, operation noise.. • Traffic • Socio-economic Impacts – existing industries, benefits to employment & investment • Land-use and Cultural Heritage

24. Stages in EIA

25. Integrated Waste Management (IWM) IWM has been defined as the integration of waste streams, collections and treatment methods, environmental benefit, economic optimization, and societal acceptability into a practical system for any region. Implies the use of a range of different treatment and disposal options – no one option is better than other, but it is the best environmentally & economically sustainable for a particular region.

26. Environmental sustainability  means the options & integration of those options should produce a waste management system that reduces overall environmental impacts , including energy consumption, pollution of land, air and water and loss of amenity. Economic sustainability  means that the overall costs of waste management systems should operate at a cost level acceptable to all areas of the community, including householders, businesses, institutions, government.

28. Definition of IWM in terms of the integration of six functional elements: • Waste generation • Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source • Collection • Separation, processing and transformation of solid waste • Transfer and transport • Disposal

30. Legal framework • Related to legislations • Example: In Malaysia, • Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009 • Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978 • Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from solid waste transfer and landfill) Regulations 2009 • Environmental Quality (Refrigerant Management) Regulations 1999 • etc. FOR OTHER REGULATIONS, visit www.doe.gov.my

31. Example: treatment of waste (sludge) through landfilling – comply with Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from solid waste transfer and landfill) Regulations 2009. • Treatment of scheduled waste – comply with Environmental Quality (Scheduled waste treatment and disposal facilities ) Regulations 1989

32. THANK YOU