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Societal Perspectives on Subcultures: From Classic Views to Modern Interpretations

Delve into the evolving perceptions of subcultures from a historical and contemporary lens, exploring the dynamics of class, generation, and cultural influences. Discover how subcultures navigate societal norms, resist hegemonic structures, and cope with ideological conflicts in diverse ways.

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Societal Perspectives on Subcultures: From Classic Views to Modern Interpretations

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  1. Truth always rests with the minority, and the minority is always stronger than the majority, because the minority is generally formed by those who really have an opinion, while the strength of a majority is illusory, formed by the gangs who have no opinion -- and who, therefore, in the next instant (when it is evident that the minority is the stronger) assumes its opinion, which then becomes that of the majority, i.e., becomes nonsense...while Truth again reverts to a new minority. - Søren Kierkegaard

  2. Lecture Outline • Subculture: Classic View • Subculture: Cultural Studies View • Class and Generation • Working Class Youth Culture • Commercially Provided Youth Culture • Middle Class Youth Culture

  3. Subculture: Classic View • John Irwin (1970) • Explicit (folk) concept • Pluralism

  4. Subculture: Classic View • “… with the growing recognition of subcultural pluralism … more persons are finding themselves judged by outsiders and finding themselves marginal. They are increasingly “on.” (…) Life is becoming more like a theater.” • Irwin, 1970, 69

  5. Subculture as a “Reference World” • “not tied to any particular • collectivity or territory” • Irwin; Shibatani 1955 • (this view must be challenged)

  6. Subculture as Style • Appropriation and Expropriation • swastika, champagne, designer clothes • Resisting the Semiotic Order

  7. A Teddy Boy or Mod 1960’s Britain

  8. “De-fetishize” the object! Examine: • the stylistic ensemble: dress, music, ritual, argot, drugs, “history” • how objects are used

  9. Subculture as a way to cope with subordination • Class and Culture • double articulation (p. 101) • to “parent culture” • to the dominant culture

  10. Nature of the Ideological Conflict • not psychological or moralistic • structural and epistemological • (p. 102)

  11. Ways of Coping • “… plans, projects, things to do to fill out time, exploits … They to are concrete, identifiable social formations constructed as a collective response to the materials and situated experience of their class.” • (p. 104)

  12. “There is no “subcultural career” • for the working class lad, no “solution” in the subcultural milieu, for problems posed by the key structuring experience of the class.” • (p. 104)

  13. Working Class Subcultures • insist on collective and territorial distinctiveness • counteract hegemonic tendencies toward homogeneity • incur the wrath of “society’s guardians, moral enterpreneurs, public definers and the social control culture” (p. 111)

  14. The “Commercially Provided Youth Culture” • Incorporates working class culture • Makes it safe for the hegemony • and for middle class youth

  15. Middle Class Youth • do not experience (as much) conflict between parent culture and dominant culture • are less clannish and territorial • incorporate the “rebellion” of the w.c. subculture • have a relatively “vicarious peer-group experience”

  16. Youth Culture and “Contemporary” High Culture • both less “situated” • both work largely with the “materials and situated experience” of the bourgeois • both incorporate non-bourgeois cultural forms • both oppose bourgeois culture from within

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