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Differential (Casual-comparative) Research

Differential (casual-comparative) research is a research design that compares two groups differing on one primary variable, such as gender, history of abuse, or substance use. This type of research does not manipulate the independent variable (IV), which is a classification or grouping variable. The objective is to evaluate whether Group A differs from Group B based on measures of the dependent variable (DV). While it can reveal associations, it does not guarantee a causal relationship, and other uncontrolled factors may influence the results. Effective matching of participants can help minimize these confounding variables.

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Differential (Casual-comparative) Research

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  1. Differential (Casual-comparative) Research Definition – Research design in which behavior is measured in 2 groups that differ on 1 primary variable. • The “IV” (not true IV) is the ________ or ______variable • Classification variable is not manipulated because it is _______or___________ • Normal adults vs. psychopaths • history of abuse vs. no history • Males vs. females • heroine abusers vs. polydrug abusers Does Group A differ from Group B on measures of the DV?

  2. Differential (Casual-comparative) Research Intact Group of Participants Intact Group of Participants Measurement of the Dependent Variable Measurement of the Dependent Variable

  3. Differential (Casual-comparative) Research Does ____ demonstrate a causal relationship • There is no guarantee that the two groups will be ______________ in all other ways. • There may be ________________ explanations for the observed differences. e.g., kids who play sports vs. those who don’t – compare measures of academic success.

  4. Conducting differential (causal-comparative research • Select groups that vary on __ quantifiable variable • Requires ________ definitions • Matching participants – equate groups on ______________factors • Select _____________ groups – more likely to see difference in variable of interest

  5. Two groups that differ on some dimension 10 children w/severe behavior problems 10 children w/no behavior problems Compare the two groups Avg. IQ = 103 Avg. IQ = 104 Avg. # hobbies = 4 Avg. # hobbies = 3 Avg. # siblings = 4 Avg. # siblings = 1 History of abuse = 6/10 History of abuse = 3/10 Relationship?

  6. Two groups that differ on some dimension 20 smokers 20 nonsmokers Compare the two groups Ed. = High school Ed. = High school Avg. # drinks/day = 2 Avg. # drink/day = 3 15/20 single 5/20 married 3/20 single 17/20 married Relationship?

  7. Developmental Research Designs – study age-related changes in behavior Cross-sectional research design • Measure a variable in different ___________ • Like a ____________ group design • Cannot determine how any ___________ changes • Other factors may influence groups other than age (______/_____________ effects) Age group 1 e.g., 2-3 Age group 2 e.g., 4-5 Age group 3 e.g., 6-7

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