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Comprehensive Strategies for Managing Invasive Weeds in California

This document outlines effective strategies for controlling invasive weeds in California, emphasizing the importance of understanding, mapping, and planning. Key methods include using mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments, monitoring progress, and adapting management tactics based on specific site conditions. Discussions on various invasive species, such as Arundo, Saltcedar, and Tree of Heaven, cover their biology, life cycles, and tailored control methods. Goals include preventing seed set, protecting wildlife, and promoting native recolonization.

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Comprehensive Strategies for Managing Invasive Weeds in California

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  1. Controlling invasives(killin’ weeds) Audubon CA Working Lands Program Matthew Danielczyk Feb. 27, 2013 Tehama County RCD

  2. Strategies • Know what you’ve got • Make a map: Google Earth, Bing, napkin • Make a plan with measureable goals • Resources • Constraints • Methods • Schedule • Monitor

  3. Resources • Labor • $$$: funding agencies/partners? • Hand & power tools • Machinery • Herbicides & equipment • Grazing animals & infrastructure • Fire gear/training/infrastructure • Biological controls (Ag Commissioner)

  4. Constraints • Time • $$$ • access • Permit issues? • Organic production?

  5. Methods • Mechanical • Hand & power tools, machinery • Cultural • Grazing, fire, flooding • Biological • Chemical • Combinations of above • IPM

  6. Schedule • Understand life cycle • Prevent seed set! • Which stages most vulnerable? • Multiyear? • Yearly goals • Wildlife protection • Nesting season (Feb. 1 – Aug. 15) • Creek flow (Apr. 1 – Nov. 1) • Sensitive species

  7. Tactics • Upstream/hill -> downstream/hill • Start with outliers, work inwards towards center • Keeps seeds from spreading • Lends to multi-season/year approach • Sometimes slower is better: Bradley Method • Protect ‘best’ areas first • Work towards weedier areas as natives recolonize

  8. Adaptive management • AKA: I don’t know as much as I think I do • Monitor effects • Did it work? -> SWEET • Did it not? -> Modify plan, try again • Site-specific differences • Herbicide resistance

  9. Arundo/giant reed (Arundodonax) • Biology/life cycle • Tall (~30’), grows quickly • Dies back in winter • Flowers May-June (low energy reserves) • But no seeds! • Beware fragments • Deep rhizomes (roots) ~10’ • Resprout readily, store energy

  10. Arundo/giant reed (Arundodonax) • Mechanical treatment • Hand tools for new/small clumps • Power tools to reduce biomass • Brush cutter or chainsaw • Tractor-mounted mower • Excavator? • Erosion!

  11. Arundo/giant reed (Arundodonax) • Cultural treatment • Grazing: goats, sheep, cattle • Fire kills above ground biomass only • Chemical treatment: glyphosate, imazapyr • Aug thru Oct, aquatic formulations • Foliar: glyphosate 2%, imazapyr 1-2 qt./ac • Remove biomass, spray regrowth (2-3 yrs) • Bend & spray • Mix: 1 pt. imazapyr + 1 qt. glyphosate/ac • Cut stump: glyphosate 50%

  12. Saltcedar (Tamarixramosissima) • Biology/life cycle • Fairly long-lived (75-100 yrs) • Drops leaves in drought • Flowers Apr-Aug • Spreads mostly from seed • Short–lived seeds germinate rapidly • Beware fragments • Deep roots • Resprouts like crazy

  13. Saltcedar (Tamarixramosissima) • Mechanical treatment • Hand tools for saplings • Root plow • Hydro-ax or other forestry mulcher • Biological control • Saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabdaelongata)

  14. Saltcedar (Tamarixramosissima) • Cultural treatment • Grazing: goats, sheep, cattle • Fire kills above ground biomass only • Flooding • 1 month will kill seedlings • 1-2 yrs will kill mature plants • Flooding during willow & cottonwood seeding may crowd out saltcedar seedlings

  15. Saltcedar (Tamarixramosissima) • Chemical treatment: glyphosate, triclopyr, imazapyrAug thru Oct, but not in drought • small plants: foliar spray • 2-3% glyphosate • 0.5% triclopyr • 1% imazapyr • Mixes: 0.5% glyphosate, 0.5% imazapyr • Larger plants • Cut stump: 50% Garlon 3A, 25-100% Garlon 4, 10% imazapyr • Basal bark: 20-30% Garlon 4 • Foliar (see above)

  16. Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) • Biology/life cycle • Tall (~70’), grows quickly • Deciduous • Flowers May-June • Reproduction at several years • Huge # short-lived seeds fall in Sep. – Oct. • Wind, water • Male & female plants • Root suckers • Up to 50’

  17. Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) • Treatments: • Mechanical • Hand pulling for seedlings • Weed wrench for small saplings • Do not leave root fragments! • Cut stems or frill cuts + herbicide • Cultural • Cattle graze young shoots • Poor shade tolerance

  18. Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) • Chemical treatment: glyphosate, triclopyr, imazapyr, aminopyralid Aug. 15 through Oct, with leaves present • Foliar • Glyphosate 2-4% • Triclopyr 1-2% (1-1.5% Capstone) • Glyphosate 2% + triclopyr 0.5% • cut stump, frill cut or basal bark • 20% imazapyr, 20-30% triclopyr, 50% glyphosate

  19. Black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia) • Biology/life cycle • Tall(~80’), live 40-100 yrs • Deciduous • Flowers May-June • Seed production begins ~ 6 yrs, drop fall-winter • Long-lived • Root suckering • Begins 4-5 yrs

  20. Black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia) • Treatments: • Mechanical • Hand pulling for seedlings • Cut stems or frill cuts + herbicide • Cultural • Cattle graze young shoots • Poor shade tolerance

  21. Black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia) • Chemical treatment: glyphosate, clopyralid, aminopyralid, triclopyr, imazapyr Aug. 15 through Oct, with leaves present • Cut stump, frill cut or basal bark • 50% glyphosate, 20-50% triclopyr, aminopyralid 5-10% • Foliar • Glyphosate 1-1.5%, triclopyr5% • Clopyralid 1-1.3 pt/ac, aminopyralid 0.05-0.8% • Imazapyr 0.5-1% + glyphosate 2-3%

  22. Scotch broom (Cytisusscoparius) • Biology/life cycle • 6-10’, lives ~15 yrs • Flowers Mar-May • 2nd year • Many long-lived seeds • Germination Dec. – Jul. • Ballistic dispersal • Resprouts • Mechanical treatments • Hula hoe seedlings • Weed wrench small plants when soil is wet • Cut low during drought

  23. Scotch broom (Cytisusscoparius) • Cultural treatment • Goat grazing • Propane torch seedlings • Repeated burns • Biological control • Scotch broom seed beetle (Bruchidiusvillosus) • Scotch broom seed weevil (Apionfuscirostre) • Scotch broom twig miner moth (Leucopteraspartifoliella)

  24. Scotch broom (Cytisusscoparius) • Chemical treatment: glyphosate, imazapyr, triclopyr Aug. – Oct. • Foliar • Glyphosate 1.5-2% • Imazapyr 1-2% • Triclopyr 0.75 – 1.5% • Cut stump • Basal bark • triclopyr, imazapyr 20%

  25. Pampas grass (Cortaderiaselloana) • Biology/life cycle • Large clumps, live ~ 10 yrs • Flowers Sep. – Mar. • Huge # short-lived seeds • Wind-blown • Large root mass • Fragments resprout readily

  26. Pampas grass (Cortaderiaselloana) • Treatments: • Mechanical • Remove flowering plumes & dispose • Hand grub new/small clumps • Power tools to reduce biomass & expose base • Brush cutter, chainsaw, machete • Dig out base with hand tools (Pulaski) • Excavator/backhoe • Flip clump • Cultural • Cattle? • Heavy mulch

  27. Pampas grass (Cortaderiaselloana) • Chemical treatment: glyphosate, imazapyr, fluazipop Aug - Oct • foliar • Glyphosate 2% • Imazapyr 2-4% • Fluazipop 2-4% • Wipe • 33% glyphosate

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