Biology ch 2

1. Principles of Ecology V. Hassell Biology ch 2 • Everything on Earth- air, land, water, plants and animals= is connected. Understanding these connections help us keep our environment clean, healthy and safe..

2. Principles of Ecology You willDescribe ecology and the work of ecologistIdentify important aspects of an organism’s environmentTrace the flow of energy and nutrients in the living and nonliving worlds

3. Why is an understanding of the environment important? • They materials needed for survival come from the environment • It is where they find food and shelter, reproduce and interact with other organisms.

4. Organisms and their environment Objectives • Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors • Compare the different levels of biological organization and living relationships important in ecology. • Explain the difference between a niche and a habitat

5. Individual organisms interact with each other and their environment • As cities expand, humans are moving into territories previously occupied by fields and wildlife. • They are still in their native area when they turn over trashcans or get into yards.

6. Natural History • The study of plants and animals, including where they grow and live, what they eat or what eats them • Includes Bird Watchers • Amateur weather collector

7. Ecology Uses qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative research • The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment • Uses techniques from • Math • Chemistry, physics, geology • Other branches of biology

8. Levels of organization help scientist understand relationships. POPULATION • A group of organisms of the same species which can interbreed and live in the same area at the same time • Because members of the same population compete with each other for food, water, mates, and other resources. • Competition increases when resources are in short supply

9. a group of interacting populations of different species occupying a particular place a pond community Communities-

10. Interactions within communities • Made up of individuals of several different populations • Located in a certain area at a certain time • A change in one population changes/affects others. • Ex. If a fox population increases, what happens to the rabbit population?

11. Ecosystem • The organisms in a plant population and the biotic and abiotic factors which impact on them.

12. Biosphere The area on earth which supports life (where life is found) • Thin layer. • Supports a diverse group of organisms in a wide range of climates • Living things are affected by nonliving and living factors.

13. 1. biotic living or derived from living things 2. abiotic- nonliving factors; sunlight, temp. water, soil Ecosystem- Factors

14. If you were to study a species you would need to include: • their food sources • Materials for habitat • Temperature • Drought • Type of soil • Amount of seeds

15. Growth • Limits of Tolerance conditions under which growth will occur • Optimum Range- the best conditions for growth • Limiting factors- A nutrient in short supply which limits an organisms growth. It keeps populations from spreading beyond areas to which they are best adapted

16. Biotic factors Life factors • All living organisms- regardless of size • Are biotic • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction or protection.

17. Levels of organization Biologist study • Individual organisms • Interactions among organisms of the same species • Interactions among organisms of different species • Effects of abiotic factors on interacting species

18. Life Cycles • Organisms may go through metamorphosis which means that the young and adult organisms do not compete for food- eat different foods.

19. Biotic and Abiotic factors Form Ecosystems • Because ecosystems include interacting populations and the abiotic factors, they are subject to change

20. Biomes 2 types of Ecosystems • Terrestrial ecosystems- on land • Include forest, measows and rotting logs • Aquatic ecosystems include fresh water and saltwater forms • Fresh water- Includes ponds, lakes, streams • Salt water – called Marine ecosystems, make up 70% of earth’s surface

21. Adaptation & change • Organisms must be able to adapt to changing conditions. • Coastal organisms spend part of the day underwater. • Tides affect salinity (salt content)

22. Organisms in EcosystemsHABITAT Where an organism lives its life • Prairie dog- burrows in prairie • Birds- nest in trees or on the ground • Others- Wetlands, ponds, oceans

23. 1st Producer- Autotroph Photosynthesis plant Food Chain- Sun is energy source

24. A niche • includes how it meets its specific needs for food, helter, how and where it survives and where it reproduces • Includes all interactions with biotic and abiotic parts of habitat

25. Niche competition • It is an advantage to have a different nich than other species in the habitat • Less competition • 2 species with the same needs can’t exist for long together • One will gain control • Other become extinct, move elsewhere or adapt

26. Surviving in difficult habitats • Adaptations to survive in different habitats include • Cypress knees • Polar bears

27. Symbiosis Organisms living together in close, permanent association • Types • Mutualism- both species benefit • Commensalism- one species benefits, the other is not affected • Parasitism- one benefits, one is harmed

28. Symbiosis- Commensalism • Spanish moss • Orchids • barnacles

29. Symbiosis- Parasitism Harmful to one species, beneficial to another • Endoparasite • Hook worms • Do they care if their host dies? • Exoparasite- outside • Tick, fleas

30. 2.2 objectives • Compare how organisms satisfy their nutritional needs. • Trace the path of energy and matter in an ecosystem • Analyze how matter is cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere

31. How organisms obtain Energy Autotrophs • The ultimate source of energy is the sun • Plants use photosynthesis to produce food from light energy. • Autotrophs • Producers • Plants • Some protist & algae Other organisms depend on thes for energy

32. How organisms obtain energy Consumers are Heterotrophs • Can not make its own food • Obtain nutrients by eating other organisms • Heterotrophs • Omnivore • Carnivore • Scavenger

33. Heterotrops- Decomposer Breakdown and release materials • Breakdown complex compounds of dead and decaying organisms into simpler substances • Fungi, bacteria

34. Flow of energy in Ecosystems Cycles of matter • Matter is composed of carbon, nitrogen and other elements • Moves through the food chain from producers to consumers

35. Food Chains Flow of energy • Arrows indicaate direction in which energy is transferred • May be as few as one or two – or unlimited • Plants decomposers • Plantscowmandecomposer (bacteria)

36. Food web Shows relationships for organisms that feed on more than one species

37. Ecological Pyramids Only 10 % of energy is passed to next level

38. Flow of Energy • Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids are all models that show how energy moves in only one direction through the tropichlevles of an ecosystem • Some energy lost to heat • Sunlight is souce

39. According to the law of conservation of energy- • energy is neither lost or gained. Some is transferred at each tropic level enerters the environment as heat, but the total amount of energy remains the same.

40. Pyramid of Biomasss • Each level in a pyramid of biomass represents the amount tht the level above needs to consume to meet it’s needs

41. Cycles in Nature Matter is recycled (never lost) and is not replenished like energy from sunlgiht • There is a finite amount of matter • The atoms that make up the boies of organisms alive today are the same atoms that have been on Earth since the beginning of time.

42. Water Cycle Evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation

43. The Carbon Cycle Life on earth is a carbon based. Carbon is molecule of life

44. Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen

45. Nitrogen Cycle 78 % of atm- not available to plants Ammonia (urine), lightning, manure,

46. can cause major algae blooms and harm an ecosystem causes blue baby syndrome excess Nitrogen in waterways

47. Phosphorus cycle

48. Phosphorus is essential All organisms need phosphorus It is Necessary for growth and development • Short cycle • Plants absorb from soil • Eaten, animsl dies , decompose and is returned to soil • Long cycle • Phosphates wash into water and are locked in rock • Millions of years later- rock is exposed

49. Nitrogen Cycle

50. Everglades • Lake Okeechobee over flowed producing marshy area • Development limited water to lake • 90 % wading birds • 70% other wildlife listed as threatened or endangered