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Colonial Expansion: European Settlements and Conflicts Worldwide

This chapter delves into the early colonial expansion by European powers, focusing on Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands. It explores the establishment of colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, detailing the motivations, methods, and consequences of colonization. The text discusses key figures such as Vasco de Balboa, Cortez, and Pizarro, as well as the impacts of religious persecution, wars, and native resistance on colonial development. Furthermore, the narrative highlights the economic, social, and political dynamics that shaped the colonial era and paved the way for later global conflicts.

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Colonial Expansion: European Settlements and Conflicts Worldwide

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  1. Chapter 16 Notes Part 3 • Colonial Expansion • Colonies • Most colonies were loosely controlled by the mother country – and most colonial administrators were content with getting their tribute. • More formal administration spread as missionaries arrived. • Spain • Spain was the first European country to begin to colonize in the Americas – it was easy due to population losses, technological advantages in guns and iron weapons, and the advantage of horses.

  2. Chapter 16 continued • They began with islands such as Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, and then moving to the mainland. • Vasco de Balboa founded the colony of Panama in 1509. • The Aztecs were then soon conquered by Cortez, as were the Incas in 1531 by Pizarro. • Pizarro was assassinated by Inca rebels for his murder of the Incan Emperor.

  3. Chapter 16 continued • Europe • Many settlers were religious refugees – fleeing Europe because of religious persecution. • Since new settlements were often small, settlers gained much experience with representative government. • In addition, the colonists read the new Enlightenment ideas widely. • Louis XIV began to settle areas of Canada – urging peasants to migrate to Quebec.

  4. Chapter 16 continued • England and France fought each other in the Seven Years War (French and Indian War in the U.S.). • The war was fought on both sides of the Atlantic. • It ended with the Treaty of Paris that gave Britain the French land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. • English use of this land, and English taxation of the colonists to pay for the war eventually led to the American Revolution.

  5. Chapter 16 continued • For the most part, European life was transplanted to the colonies. • Africa • Cape Colony on the tip of Africa was established by the Dutch in 1652. • Boers (Dutch farmers) frequently moved there and took over native land. • Conflicts between Africans and Boers continued in South Africa until the late 20th century.

  6. Chapter 16 continued • Asia • The French and the British vied for control of India, while the Mughal Empire slowly collapsed. • The British were more concerned about money than missionary work – therefore the Hindus would rather work with the British.

  7. Chapter 16 continued • After the French caused at least 120 British deaths because of imprisonment, the British, aided by many Indian troops, defeated the French in India. • For the most part, colonies were loosely governed, and their weren’t many European settlers in Asia (they mostly went to South Africa and the Americas).

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