Progressive Era Crusaders: Reform & Rights in 1890s America

1. Chapter 16 Notes

2. Progressivism: 1890s • -Journalists whose stories dramatized the need for reform: muckrakers • -Lincoln Steffens, a magazine editor who published stories about political corruption • -Jacob Riis, a photographer whose pictures revealed life in urban slums • -Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle revealed the unsafe and unsanitary conditions of Chicago meatpacking plants • -Fought for social reform including child labor and worker’s safety

3. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives historymatters.gmu.edu

4. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • -Formed after race riot in Illinois • -Planned to use the court system to fight for the civil rights of African Americans • Urban League • -Helped families buy clothes and books and helped factory workers and maids find jobs • Jews in New York City formed the Anti-Defamation League • -Defend themselves against verbal attacks and false statements

5. Social Gospel • -Believed that society would improve if people followed the Bible’s teachings about charity and justice

6. Jane Addams • -Settlement house: offered services for the poor such as child care and classes in English • Hull House in Chicago socialwelfarehistory.com

7. Governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin • -Created tools to limit the power of political bosses and business interests • Direct primary • -Citizens could select nominees for upcoming elections • -Initiative gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot • -Referendum allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature • -Recall gave voters the power to remove elected officials from office before their terms ended

8. Women Reforms • -Florence Kelley believed that unfair prices for household goods hurt women and their families • -Helped found the National Consumers League (NCL) • -Labeled products made in safe workplaces • -Asked the government to improve food and workplace safety and assist the unemployed

9. Temperance movement • -Women tried to reduce or end the consumption of alcohol en.wikipedia.org

10. Margaret Sanger • -Family life and women’s health would improve if mothers had fewer children • Ida B. Wells • -Established the National Association of Colored Women • -Helped African American families by providing childcare and education

11. Carrie Chapman Catt • -Encouraged women to join the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • -Lobbied Congress for the right to vote and used the referendum

12. Alice Paul • -Formed the National Woman’s Party (NWP) • -Staged protest marches and hunger strikes and even picketed the White House to demand the right to vote ellenofthetenth.blogspot.com

13. 1920: Nineteenth Amendment • -Women work in the factories during WWI • -Women finally had the right to vote for President

14. Theodore Roosevelt: war hero, seasoned politician • -Became President in 1901 • -Broke up trusts and the Square Deal clio.missouristate.edu

15. Roosevelt’s Legislation • Hepburn Act • -Limited what railroads could charge for shipping • Meat Inspection Act: after reading The Jungle • -Gave the government power to inspect meat and meat- processing plants to ensure the meat was safe to eat • Pure Food and Drug Act • -Banned interstate shipment of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs

16. John Muir • -Efforts had led to the creation of Yosemite National Park • Gifford Pinchot, and Roosevelt • -Believed in the rational use of forests: lumber • National Reclamation Act • -Gave the government power to build and manage dams and to control where and how water was used tripadvisor.com

17. Roosevelt • -Wanted Taft to take over after his two terms: Taft shared beliefs • -Roosevelt ends up speaking out against Taft • New Nationalism • -Program to restore the government’s trustbusting power

18. Taft-Roosevelt battle split the Republican Party • -Progressives created the Progressive Party and nominated Roosevelt as its candidate for President

19. tgaw.wordpress.com

20. 1912 election: Roosevelt and Taft • -Split the Republican Party vote, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win • -Wilson was an intellectual man from Virginia who had taught college as a professor before becoming governor of New Jersey whitehouse.gov

21. New Freedom: 3 parts • -1st Wilson tried to prevent manufacturers from charging unfairly high prices • -Pushed for creation of an income tax, the Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to do

22. New Freedom Part 2 • -2nd Wilson pushed Congress to pass the Federal Reserve Act • -Government authority to supervise banks by placing national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board • -Federal Reserve also set the interest rate that banks pay to borrow money from other banks • -System ensured that no one person or bank had too much control over the economy

23. New Freedom Part 3 • -3rd, Wilson made sure that trusts did not behave unfairly • -Federal Trade Commission (FTC) • -Monitor business practices and watch out for false advertising and dishonest labeling searchengineland.com

24. Congress also passed the Clayton Antitrust Act • -Strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out which business activities were illegal • Ex: Price discrimination and mergers