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Dieting and Obesity

This overview explores the Setpoint Theory of weight, explaining how an individual's weight stabilizes at a given point based on normal food intake despite psychological variables. It delves into Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and factors affecting it, along with seminal studies on starvation and weight gain that highlight physiological, appetitive, and psychological responses. The discussion includes the heritability of weight, obesity as an addiction, various dieting methods, and the medical complications associated with obesity. Findings suggest that dieting is often ineffective and can be detrimental to health.

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Dieting and Obesity

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  1. Dieting and Obesity

  2. Setpoint Theory of Weight • Setpoint: what an individual weighs when s/he eats a “normal” amount of food in a “normal” way • May not be the same as one’s psychologically ideal weight

  3. Basal Metabolic Rate • Definition • Variations • Factors that increase or decrease BMR

  4. Keys Study on Starvation (1950) • Purpose • Subjects • Method

  5. Effects of Starvation • Physical responses • Appetitive responses • Psychological responses

  6. Sims et al. Study on Weight Gain (1968) • Purpose • Subjects • Method

  7. Effects of Attempting to Gain Weight • Increases in body temperature and perspiration • Post-experiment weight stabilization

  8. Heritability Estimates from Twin Studies Breast Cancer 45% Coronary Heart Disease 49% Epilepsy 50% Alcoholism 57% Schizophrenia 68% Height 80% Weight 81%

  9. Overweight and Obese • Body Mass Index guidelines • Health profession’s insistence on treating obesity

  10. Addictions Model of Obesity • Food as a drug • Effects on mesocorticolimbic system – the dopamine pathway • Sensitivity to reward • Poor decision making

  11. Dieting Methods • Fasting • Liquid protein • Very low calorie diets • Low calorie diets • Low fat diets • Commercial weight loss programs

  12. Quote: “If a cure from obesity is defined as a reduction to ideal weight and maintenance of that weight for 5 years, a person is more likely to recover from most forms of cancer than from obesity” Kelly Brownell

  13. Medical Complications of Obesity • Prospective studies • Cross-sectional studies

  14. Mortality • Selective citations • Protective factors of overweight mostly ignored

  15. Summary • Negative impact of obesity on longevity and health has been overstated • Dieting is an ineffective treatment for obesity • Dieting may do more harm than help

  16. Restrained vs. Unrestrained Eaters • Weight • Cognitive Performance • Mood • Self-Esteem • Eating Behaviour

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