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FOOD Production systems: Organic, Conventional, and Local

FOOD Production systems: Organic, Conventional, and Local. Marisa Bunning, Ph. D., Extension Food Safety Specialist Colorado State University. Desktop Training November 13, 2007. Why is it important?.

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FOOD Production systems: Organic, Conventional, and Local

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  1. FOOD Production systems:Organic, Conventional, and Local Marisa Bunning, Ph. D., Extension Food Safety Specialist Colorado State University Desktop Training November 13, 2007

  2. Why is it important? "The most political act we do on a daily basis is to eat, as our actions affect farms, landscapes and food businesses.” Increasing awareness of food production systems and labeling regulations allows consumers to make informed choices. Jules Pretty University of Essex, UK

  3. Changes in our food systems • Globalization and mass distribution • 30,000-40,000 products in supermarket • Consumers are disconnected with food production • Recent issues • limited inspections: >2% • contaminated gluten • Takes effort to be informed • Understanding labels

  4. Consumer Trends Organic products: 20% growth x 20 years Green movement: environmentalism Purchasing Local Movement Fair Trade Standards Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHUS) www.lohas.com

  5. Continuum of Food Concerns

  6. Labeling tells how and where • Organic • Conventional • Local • Country-of-Origin Labeling (COOL) • Eco-labels, Fair Trade • Does it make a difference in safety, nutrition, taste, cost, the environment?

  7. Consumer Confusion • Terminology • Organic • Defined by USDA • Survey: only 25% understood USDA seal • Sustainable • Local • Miles, hours, or Colorado-grown • Conventional &/or organic

  8. Organic Certified Acres • Organic • U.S. total acres: 4,054,429 • Cropland: 1,723,271 acres • Pasture/rangeland: 2,331,158 acres • Colorado total acres: 133,858 • Cropland: 73,092 acres • Pasture/rangeland: 60,766 • From small farms to large corporations Economic Research Service, USDA http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Organic/

  9. History of Organic Movement • 1920s: Chemical fertilizers used commercially • 1940s-50s: Organic production experiments, Rodale and others • 1962: Rachel Carson published Silent Spring • 1973: DDT banned • 1990: Organic Foods Production Act • 1997: USDA’s initial proposal rejected • 2002: USDA’s National Organic Program (NOP) officially implemented

  10. Organic Legislation • Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA); 1990 • Established standards • Facilitated interstate commerce • Assured consumers of consistency • Natl. Organic Program Standards; 2002 • Production methods • National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances • 165 substances, approved for 5 years http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/Newsroom/FedRegSunsetReview10-16-07.pdf

  11. National Organic Program Standards • Organic food must be produced without: • Use of synthetic pesticides • Petroleum-based or sewage-sludge-based fertilizers • Bioengineering (no GMOs) • Ionizing radiation • Animals raised on organic operation must: • Be given organic feed and no antibiotics or growth hormones • Have access to outdoors

  12. National Organic Program Standards • USDA-accredited inspectors • Crops: land must be chemical free 3+ years • Animals: organic feed for 3 months, 80% for 9 months • Detailed written records • Separation from non-organic products • Adhere to list of allowed and prohibited substances • Periodic inspections

  13. Organic Certification • 55 agents in U.S./ 1 in Colorado • Colorado Department of Agriculture • certify crops, livestock, wild crops and processors • 99 operations listed as of 11/05/07 • Up to $10,000 fine • Recent case in Colorado: Aurora Organic Dairy • Not required for farms making > $5000/year www.colorado.gov/ag/dpi

  14. Organic Food Sales

  15. Sales by Product Category

  16. Organic Foods These groups are either 100% organic or not • Dairy • Meat & seafood • Fruits and vegetables • Eggs • Nuts This group has 4 categories of organic labeling • Processed foods

  17. >70% OG cannot use seal but can make claims on front (small text) <70% OG may only list organic ingredients in that section 100% Organic (OG) can say so and use organic seal 95-100% OG can only say “Organic” but can use seal

  18. What are the differences? • Food and environmental safety • Quality and nutrition • Taste • Yield • Cost • Consumer perceptions: Harris online poll 9-2007 • 80% thought organic products were safer for the environment • 76% thought healthier • 36% thought tasted better • 95% thought more expensive

  19. Food Safety • Pesticide residues • 2.9 to 4.8 times more residues on conventional* • Studies show possible link with Parkinson’s disease • Microbial contamination • Compost • Regulated in organic production – prohibited from using raw manure for 90 days before harvest of crops grown for human consumption. *Winter, C. and S. Davis, 2006, Organic Foods, Scientific Status Summary, J. of Food Science, 71 (9) R117-R124

  20. Pesticides • Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides 15-day study, used urinary biomonitoring to access differences between organic and conventional diets of 23 elementary school-aged children. Levels of malathion and chlorpyrifos decreased to nondetectable levels immediately after the introduction of organic diets and remained nondetectable until the conventional diets were reintroduced. Lu, C., Toepel, K., Irish, R., Fenske, R., Barr, D., Bravo, R. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114 (2) Feb. 2006

  21. Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson's diseaseis a degenerative disorder of the CNS – movement disorder Characterized by insufficient dopamine 4-6 million affected Worldwide: 1/1000 U. S. – highest prevalence Nebraska: 3.3/1000 Incidence increases with age, western geography, male

  22. Pesticides “This investigation supports the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides is a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease.” A 9-year prospective study involving 143,325 participants of a Cancer Prevention Study showed individuals exposed to pesticides (farmers, ranchers, fishermen) had a 70% higher incidence of PD than those not exposed. Ascherio, A. et al., 2006, Pesticide Exposure and Risk for Parkinson’s Disease. Ann Neurol 60:197-203

  23. Reducing Exposure to Pesticides • Eat less imported produce • Domestically grown more likely to comply • Wash produce thoroughly (weak vinegar solution) • Peel produce if appropriate (wash first) • Use wide variety of produce

  24. Reducing Exposure to Pesticides • Organic produce consistently lower • Market basket surveys show lower residues • Some “natural” pesticides-less specific and have longer half-life than synthetics • Ask grocer to label country or state of origin • Remember: More benefits to eating fruits and veggies than risk

  25. Nutritional Comparisons • Few well controlled studies • Most comparisons made with retail samples • Genetics (plant crop and cultivar) • Environment • Soil type and structure, climate • Post-harvest Practices • Harvest time (crop maturity) • Handling and storage • Processing methods and conditions • Bourn and Prescott • Critical Rev in Food Sci and Nutr 2002

  26. Differentiating Small Farm Produce Offerings Horticulture & Landscape Architecture Food Science & Human Nutrition Agricultural & Resource Economics

  27. Crops: broccoli, garlic, lettuce, melon, tomato and spinach Production : 2005, 2006 Focus Groups: 2005, 2006 National Survey: 2006

  28. Small Farms Project • Yield • % Dry Matter • BRIX: % soluble solids • pH (tomato) • Total Phenolics: Folin-Ciocalteu assay • Antioxidant Activity: ABTS, DPPH assays • Vitamin C: HPLC • Sensory Evaluation: taste and appearance

  29. Dried samples are ground to a powder and sieved.

  30. CSU Study

  31. CSU Study

  32. CSU Study

  33. CSU Study

  34. Is Organic Worth the Price? • On average, costs10-40% more • Reasons consumers often give to justify the price • Tastes better • More nutritious • Fewer pesticide residues • Better for environment • I am worth it; my family is worth it • Bourn and Prescott • Critical Rev in Food Sci and Nutr 2002

  35. Reasons for Not Purchasing Organically Grown Foods • Too expensive • Poor availability • Unsatisfactory quality (appearance of produce) • Satisfaction with current food purchases • Unfamiliarity with term “organic” certification systems, logos • Not sure if really getting organic products • Bourn and Prescott • Critical Rev in Food Sci and Nutr 2002

  36. CSU Organic Programs Interdisciplinary Studies Program in Organic Agriculture *Agricultural and Resource Economics* Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management* Horticulture and Landscape Architecture* Soil and Crop Sciences Sustainable Food Issues * Food Science and Human Nutrition

  37. Puchasing Local • Local Production • Food miles • Average = 1000 to1500 miles • Relative distance • Is local the new organic? • Can indicate freshness, more • More flavorful varieties • delicate cultivars don’t ship well

  38. 8 Reasons to Buy Local • From the Field to your Fridge • Savor the Flavor • Enjoy Seasonal Diversity • Support the Local Economy • Learn about your Food • Preserve Our Heritage • Invest in the Future • Preserve Open Space and Wildlife Colorado Proud 1999: >700 members http://www.ag.state.co.us/Mkt/CoProud/8Reasons.pdf

  39. CSU Study 3 Farmers’ Market Focus Groups, n = 25

  40. CSU Study 3 Farmers’ Market Focus Groups, n = 25

  41. Food Miles Project • Organic, Locality and Food Miles - Implications for Trade, Supply Chains, Environment, and Consumer Welfare • DARE & FSHN • Foods from local and distant sources • Price • Quality • Sensory attributes • Environmental factors

  42. Ways to Support Local Farmers • Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs) • Shareholders or subscribers • Vegetables, fruit, flowers • Share the risk, connect with the grower • Shop at local farmers markets/food cooperatives • Join the “Slow Food” movement • Savor the freshness and flavor of local foods. • Plan meals around seasonal foods

  43. Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) 2002 Farm Bill beef, lamb, pork, fish, perishable agricultural commodities and peanuts 2005 – wild and farm-raised fish and shellfish September 30, 2008 – all other commodities Industry preferred voluntary (VCOOL)

  44. Fair Trade Movement • Organized social movement targeting international trade • Food: coffee, cocoa, tea, bananas, honey, wine • Fair price and treatment of farm workers in developing countries • Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International (FLO): 1997 • Controversial, does it augment or impede growth? • CSU: Center for Fair and Alternative Trade Studies • Promotes environmentally sustainable and socially just development

  45. Coffee • Organic: production method • Fair Trade: price set above market value • Shade grown: trees were not removed • Rainforest Alliance Certified: price & ecosystem

  46. Resources Colorado Proud http://www.ag.state.co.us/Mkt/COProud/8Reasons.pdf Nestle, M. What to Eat. 2006. North Point Press. New York Time Magazinehttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1595245,00.html Organic Trade Association's 2007 Manufacturer Survey http://www.ota.com/pics/documents/2007ExecutiveSummary.pdf USDA National Organic Programwww.ams.usda.gov/nop USDA Economic Research Service http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Organic/ Winters, C. and S. Davis. 2006. Organic Foods, IFT Scientific Status Summary. Journal of Food Science. 71:9 R117-R124. Whole Foods Market. 2005. 2005 Whole Foods Market organic trend tracker. Austin, TX: Whole Foods Market.

  47. Acknowledgments • Patricia Kendall, Ph.D., R.D. • Mary Schroeder, M.S., R.D. • Dawn Thilmany, Ph.D. • Garry Auld, Ph.D., R.D. • Adrian Card-Boulder County Extension

  48. Questions?Comments?

  49. Possible Evaluation Questions Yes or No: 1. Can the USDA organic seal be displayed on a food that contains 90% organic ingredients? 2. Can the word organic be used in the label of a food that is 90% organic? 3. Organic crops are guaranteed to be pesticide free. 4. Is country of origin labeling voluntary for seafood? 5. Eggs labeled natural are the same as those labeled organic. 6. Is buying coffee labeled fair trade certified better for the environment?

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