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Major Depressive Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder. By: Alicia Diaz. What is Major Depressive Disorder?.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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  1. Major Depressive Disorder By: Alicia Diaz

  2. What is Major Depressive Disorder? Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder in which an individual has feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration. It is not caused by drugs or a medical condition and it interferes with every day life for weeks or longer.

  3. Associated Features • *DSM-IV-TR Criteria • At least five of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period • Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day • Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day • Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day • Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day • Agitation or retardation nearly every day • Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day

  4. Associated Features • Continued… • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt • Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day • Recurrent thoughts of death, or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide • The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. • The symptoms are not due to a drugs or medication.

  5. Etiology • Biological • Genetic • One parent had MDD = 30% chance • Both parents had MDD = 50-75% chance • Cognitive • Stressful events • Set of thoughts known as “cognitive triad” is activated • Negative view of the self, the world, and the future. • Social Cultural • Lack of social skills

  6. Prevalence • Adults • Lifetime prevalence: 16.5% • 12-month prevalence: 6.7% • Classified as severe: 2% • Children & Teenagers (13-18 yrs.) • Lifetime prevalence: 11.2% • Classified as severe: 3.3% • Sex • Out of 100 people, 13 males and 21 females will develop MDD in their lifetime.

  7. Treatment • Pharmacotherapy • Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • 6-8 times every other day • Usually for severe cases • Immediate treatment for those who are highly suicidal, pregnant, or anorexic. • Social Cultural Intervention • Couple and family counseling

  8. Treatment • Psychological Treatment • Cognitively Based Therapy • Short term approach that focuses on negative thoughts by including didactic work, behavioral techniques, and cognitive restructuring. • Didactic work • Explaining the theory of the client • Behavioral change • Activities and assignments

  9. Treatment • Cognitively Based Therapy Continued… • Cognitive Restructuring (5 Steps) • Client has to identify dysfunctional automatic thoughts • Recognize difference between thoughts, emotions, and behavior • Evaluate the reasonableness of the automatic thoughts • Substitute reasonable thoughts for the dysfunctional automatic thoughts • Alter dysfunctional thoughts

  10. Prognosis • Recurrence is more likely if MDD is not fully treated • The average number of episodes of MDD one may have in there is four • 40% of people who once had MDD never have it again • 60% have a second episode • Out of those who have a second episode, 70% have a third • Out of those who have a third episode, 90% have a fourth

  11. Discussion Question For a person who has major depressive disorder or knows someone who had it, how do you think they would feel when you say “I’m going to kill myself” or “go die” as a joke?

  12. References 2011. Diagnosis of Depression - DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Major Depressive Episode and Major Depressive Disorder. Retrieved from http://alerecares.com/pl/MultiSiteIncludes/PDF/pdfs/Depression%20Guideline%20Summary%2003-11.pdf. Halgin, R. P. & Krauss, S. (2005). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspective on Psychological Disorders. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Major Depressive Disorder Among Adults/ Children & Adolescents. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/index.shtml. March15, 2011. Major Depression. Retrievedfromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001941/. Myers, D. G. (2011). Myers Psychology For AP. New York, New York: Worth Publishers. Rossy, I. & Valdivia, I. Treatment Strategies for Major Depressive Disorder: Overview of Treatment of MDD. Retrieved fromhttp://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467185_4.

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