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Understanding Anatomy and Physiology: Levels of Organization and Life Functions

This comprehensive overview delves into the essential concepts of anatomy and physiology, illustrating their interconnectedness. It details the various levels of organization, from chemical to organismal, emphasizing how each level depends on the proper functioning of the one preceding it. Key examples highlight the significance of structural changes, such as in sickle cell anemia. Additionally, the text covers the necessary life functions and survival needs vital for maintaining homeostasis, the body's equilibrium crucial for health and life.

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Understanding Anatomy and Physiology: Levels of Organization and Life Functions

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  1. ADVANCED BIOLOGYCHAPTER 1 NOTES

  2. ANATOMY • Study of the structure & shape of body parts and their relationship to one another

  3. PHYSIOLOGY • Study of the function of the body or body parts - how they work

  4. Anatomy & Physiology are closely related to each other. A slight change in anatomy can have a significant effect on physiology • Examples: sickle cell anemia, rotated pelvis, elongated palate in bulldogs

  5. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Chemical - first level of organization (non-living) • Examples: atoms & molecules

  6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Cellular - structural & functional unit of all living things • Examples: skin, bone, red blood cells

  7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Tissue - composed of cells with a common origin, appearance & function • Examples: muscle, nervous, connective

  8. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organ - a group of tissues organized into a specific structure with a specific function • Examples: heart, brain, liver, lungs

  9. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organ system - groups of organs working together to perform specialized functions • Examples: cardiovascular, integumentary, reproductive

  10. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organism - last and most complex level, composed of individuals capable of carrying out life functions • Examples: person, dog, bacteria, ameoba, plant

  11. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • EVERY LEVEL RELIES ON THE SMOOTH WORKINGS OF THE LEVEL PRECEDING IT, A MALFUNCTION AT ANY LEVEL HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES TO THE LEVELS BUILT UPON IT • EXAMPLES: cancerous cells can spread, electrolyte imbalances can stop the heart

  12. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

  13. Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Organ System Overview Figure 1.2a

  14. Skeletal • Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals Organ System Overview Figure 1.2b

  15. Organ System Overview • Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c

  16. Nervous • Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands Organ System Overview Figure 1.2d

  17. Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e

  18. Cardiovascular • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Organ System Overview Figure 1.2f

  19. Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

  20. Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

  21. Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Organ System Overview Figure 1.2i

  22. Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulation of materials • Water • Electrolytes Organ System Overview Figure 1.2j

  23. Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

  24. Maintain Boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Break-down and delivery of nutrients Necessary Life Functions

  25. Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body • Production of energy • Making body structures • Excretion • Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Necessary Life Functions

  26. Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Production of future generation • Growth • Increasing of cell size and number

  27. Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions Survival Needs

  28. Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Survival Needs

  29. Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Homeostasis

  30. End Chapter 1 - Part 1

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