Trade and Empires in Western Europe (1000-1500 CE): A Look at Regional States, Commerce, and Social Changes

1. Chapter 20 T&E Western Europe During the High Middle Ages 1000 - 1500 CE

3. List 5 things you see that we’ve studied • Be specific and number them!

4. Trade Routes on Stained Glass

5. 12th & 13th Century Italy

6. Florence and Flanders • Florence Vermeer

7. Turmoil and Disarray Plague Europe 500 - 1000 • Carolingian Empire (Charlemagne) provided order for only a short time • World economy dominated by Tang, Song, Abbasid and Byzantine

8. 1000-1300 a series of regional states leads to • Increased agricultural production • Population growth • Long distance trade • Cities • Cultural achievements

9. Regional States 1000 - 1300

10. Holy Roman Empire (Germany) • Begins with Otto 962 Pope declares him emperor • Neither pope nor empires can dominate • Papal policies stop HRE from expanding (investiture controversy)

11. Capetian Kings in France • By 1300 centralize power

12. England • 1066 Duke William of Normandy invades • William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion

13. Bayeux Tapestry Shows Norman Invasion

14. Regional States in Italy and Spain • Ecclesiastical states, city states and principalities vie for power. • By 1100 series of prosperous city states control themselves and land around them. Examples include: Florence, Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Bologna

15. Florence in 1470

16. Spain • By 1300 Castile, Aragon and Portugal push back Muslims.

17. Reconquista replete with culturally charged imagery • Analyze this picture: 1) what do you see? • 2) what does it mean?

18. Reconquista

19. Entrance to Grenada, Last Muslim Stronghold

20. Describe again • 1)What do you see • 2) What does it mean?

21. As in China, India & Islamic World, agricultural production is key to prosperity • Opening of new lands • New crops and new techniques fostered by pamphlets in the vernacular • Watermills, heavy plows, horse collar and horse shoes • In Mediterranean new foods from Islamic lands

22. 1000 - 1300 strong population growth stimulates revival of towns and trade • Northern Italy, Flanders and the area known as Champagne in Northern France led the way. • Cities of Italy & Flanders become centers of weaving, spinning & dyeing of wool fuels economic development especially in Northern Italy

23. Commercial Networks of Italian city states expand • Salt, olive oil, wine, glass are exchanged for gems, spices and silk from India, SE Asia and China that Muslim merchants bring to eastern Mediterranean markets

24. Diasporic communities by 1200 • Venice and Genoa establish communities in Constantinople, Cairo, Alexandria and in the Black Sea region • These trading posts allow them to deal with Muslim merchants engaged in Indian Ocean and overland trade

25. Commerce also in North • Baltic & North Sea areas had the Hanseatic League • Dominate trade in fish, timber, pitch and grain • Fairs of Champagne link the North and South of Europe

26. Hanseatic League

27. Hanseatic League Ship

28. As in China & Islamic World… • Increased trade leads to development of credit, banking and new forms of business organization • Risk pooling, letters of credit and other innovations follow

29. Social Change • In general there were 3 estates or classes • The 1st estate was the clergy • The 2nd estate was the nobility • 3rd estate everyone else including serfs, peasants, urban workers (butchers, bakers, brewers) and more prosperous merchants, bankers etc. • Only 3rd Estate paid taxes, and there were intense legal & civil inequalities in this schema • Why might rising middle class ally with monarchs against nobility?

30. The Three Estates • What do you see? What does it mean? Why does it matter?

31. Chivalry - did it exist? • Originally attempt by Church to stop bloodshed among nobles • Women such as Eleanor of Aquitane promoted it because it stressed refined behavior, respectful relationships and romantic love. • Spread by troubadours in Italy and Southern France who were influenced by love poetry in nearby Muslim Spain.

32. Eleanor of Aquitaine

33. Her Tomb

34. Independent Cities • Expansion of urban working population allowed them to pay their way out of control by the nobles and guide themselves. • Within cities tolls and taxes abolished • Sometimes cities organized leagues to protect their interests (Hansa) • They were not overly egalitarian (cities) Explain

35. Guilds • By 1200 control much of urban economies • Control: prices, amounts produced, quality and entrance. (Remember Turkish guild in DBQ) • Created social infrastructure - health, funerals, socializing at the guild hall. • Master, journeyman, apprentice

36. Guilds -what professions, symbol & activities can you identify?

37. Women had more equality in cities • Women were in most guilds and dominated some • Increasing prominence of women in European society shows importance of cities as agents of social change

38. European Christianity • Produce synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Christian values. • As wealth grows and society becomes more complex, more educated people are needed. • Latin based universities develop (in part due to academic guilds) in Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge and elsewhere

39. Aristotle • As commerce increases between the Byzantine Empire, & W. Europe translations of Aristotle become available • Scholastic Theology - Thomas Aquinas - sees no contradiction between Aristotle and Christian belief • Aquinas felt God’s existence could be proved rationally. • Scholastic philosophy = synthesis of reason & faith like neo-Confucian Zhu Xi or Islamic philosopher Ibn Rushd - reinterpretation of inherited beliefs in light of most advanced knowledge

40. Aristotle Contemplating Bust of Homer by Rembrandt 1650 • Starting in the High Middle Ages & accelerating in the Renaissance a love of pre-Christian Greek and Roman culture occurs

41. Aristotle and Plato painted by Raphael

42. Popular Religion • Most could care less about philosophy • Popular piety revolved around sacraments & devotion to saints especially Virgin Mary & to “relics” • Pilgrimages also popular (Canterbury Tales)

43. Notre Dame (Our Lady) of Paris - dedicated to Mary

44. As wealth increased so to did fear society was becoming too materialistic • To many, Church officials seemed too caught up in wealth and lining Church’s coffers • Mendicant orders seek reform within Church (Franciscans and Dominicans) • Outside Church - Waldensians & Albigensians more radical in denouncing Church materialism and feeling laity could run the show without priests (Christ is here and man is he angry!) • Resentment was also nationalistic because fundraising goes to Rome. • Sale of indulgences

45. Albigensian Heresy • He holds out his right hand in gesture of clemency towards one of the condemned located in the middle section of the composition at the foot of the staircase, accompanied by a Dominican monk. This figure has been identified as Raimundo de Corsi who, according to accounts of the life of Saint Dominic, renounced the Albigensian heresy.

46. Military Expansion • As wealth and population increase more powerful states and willing clergy seek to colonize pagan and Muslim lands for the church • Vikings, Scandinavians & Baltic region are converted by force ( Teutonic Knights conquer & introduce Christianity to Prussia, Lithuania)