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Jerome Bruner

Jerome Bruner. Aquisition of knowledge is a common process where the person(s) builds their ideas and concepts based on their present/past knowledge.

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Jerome Bruner

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  1. Jerome Bruner Aquisition of knowledge is a common process where the person(s) builds their ideas and concepts based on their present/past knowledge. The mind creates from knowledge “generic coding systems that permit one to go beyond the data to new and possibly fruitful predictions” (Bruner, 1957)

  2. Three Modes of Representation • Enactive representation (action-based) • Iconic representation (image-based) • Symbolic representation (language-based)

  3. Enactive Representation • Appears first • Memorizing information based on action • E.g.: - A baby grabbing on to an object is its muscles memorizing how to hold on to something (muscle memory) - An adult trying to operate a camera

  4. Iconic Representation • Information is stored in the form of images • E.g.: - A child memorizing what a dog is by looking at images of a dog - An adult memorizing information by using illustrations or diagrams

  5. Symbolic Representation • Develops last • Using code or symbol (e.g. Language) to store information • E.g.: the word “book” is a symbolic representation of an object

  6. Bruner Opposed Piaget’s “notion of readiness” “We begin with the hypothesis that any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development” (Bruner, 1960)

  7. Bruner and Vygotsky • Emphasize the importance of the (social) environment • Emphasized the social nature of learning, that other (more knowledgeable) people should help in developing skills through the process of scaffolding

  8. “[Scaffolding] refers to the steps taken to reduce the degrees of freedom in carrying out some task so that the child can concentrate on the difficult skill she is in the process of acquiring” (Bruner, 1978)

  9. Bruner and Piaget Important differences: • In Bruner’s stages of cognitive development, the next mode does not replace the former

  10. Bruner sees the stages as a gradual development (becoming into more integrated cognitive skills and techniques)

  11. “Ping pong baby” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1n5uFGk2pnc

  12. Ngaben Ceremony • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owTrST1ZsEk • “ngaben” ceremony: the Balinese ceremony for the dead

  13. Rationale • The sociocultural theory explains how the mental functioning of the individual is related to cultural, institutional, and historical context • The focus of the theory is on how participation in social interactions and culturally organized activities influence the psychological development

  14. Lev Vygotsky began his work after the Russian Revolution (1917) and has created most of the frame work for the sociocultural theory • From Vygotsky’s perspective, an individual’s mental functioning is not simply derived from social interaction,but the individuals’ specific structures and processes revealed can be traced to their interactions with others

  15. Summary • The sociocultural theory is about the relationship between the individual and the environment • Focuses on interaction between individuals, as opposed to the individual’s characteristics • Language is an important aspect

  16. Where and how the individual is raised affects their development • Difference in culture, language, history, etc results into difference in creating meaning in social interactions

  17. Thank you

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