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Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers

UNIDO Expert Group Meeting on Industrial Energy Efficiency, Cogeneration and Climate Change 2 - 3 December 1999, Vienna. Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers Dr. Ludovic Lacrosse, Arul Joe Mathias EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme.

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Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers

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  1. UNIDO Expert Group Meeting on Industrial Energy Efficiency, Cogeneration and Climate Change • 2 - 3 December 1999, Vienna Biomass Cogeneration in ASEAN, GHG Mitigation Potential and the Barriers Dr. Ludovic Lacrosse, Arul Joe Mathias EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme

  2. CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION AND COGENERATION

  3. BIOMASS COGENERATION - APPLICATIONS • LARGE WOOD AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SECTORS • ASEAN countries are world leaders in many sectors • EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME FOCUSES ON • FOUR SECTORS • Rice • Sugar • Palm Oil • Wood

  4. WOOD AND AGRO-INDUSTRIES - COMMON PRACTICE • Power requirements From grid or diesel genset(s) or inefficient biomass plant • Process heat requirements From oil boiler(s) or inefficient biomass boiler(s) • Biomass residues Dumping, open-burning, incineration or inefficient biomass boiler(s)

  5. BIOMASS COGENERATION - CURRENT STATUS • Technology Most advanced technologies are available • Economic viability Pay-back period ranges from 2 to 5 years • Environmental performance Local, regional and global benefits • Others Sustainable development

  6. SUGAR INDUSTRY Process energy required: 25-30 kWh/tonne of sugarcane 0.4 tonne of steam 1 tonne of sugarcane 100 - 120 kg sugar Waste: 290 kg Bagasse ~ 100 kWh

  7. RICE INDUSTRY Process energy required: Paddy milling and drying: 30-60 kWh/tonne paddy 650-700 kg White rice 1 tonne of Paddy Waste: 220 kg Husks ~ 90-125 kWh

  8. PALM OIL INDUSTRY Process energy required: 20-25 kWh/t 0.73 tonne of steam 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunches 140 - 200 kg palm oil Waste: 600-700 kg POME ~ 20 m3 biogas 190 kg fibers + shells 230 kg empty fruit bunches } ~ 120 kWh

  9. WOOD INDUSTRY: SAWMILLS Energy Required: Sawmill: 35 - 45 kWh/m3 1 m3 of Debarked Wood Log 0.5 m3 Sawn Wood Waste: 0.5 m3 Wood Residues ~ 80 kWh

  10. WOOD INDUSTRY: PLYMILLS Energy required: Plywood: 110 kWh/m3 log + 1.2 tonne of steam 1 m3 of Debarked Wood Log 0.5 m3 Plywood Waste: 0.5 m3 Wood Residues ~ 120 kWh

  11. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIOMASS COGENERATION • Substitution of fossil fuels • High energy efficiency leads to less emissions • Less contribution to acid rain phenomenon • Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions • Elimination of unwanted solid wastes

  12. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIOMASS COGENERATION Source: Joule Thermie, 1997

  13. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR GHG EMISSION MITIGATION CALCULATIONS • INPUTS: • Amount of fossil fuel used • Fossil fuel properties • LHV • Emission factors • Efficiency/other data • INPUTS: • Power generation mix • Emission factors • Carbon content of fuels • Fuel properties • Specific fuel consumption • INPUTS: • Amount of biomass used • Biomass properties • N/C ratio • Emission factor • Other data • INPUTS: • Amount of biomass used • Biomass properties • LHV • Emission factors • Boiler efficiency/other data CALCULATIONS Emission from biomass use in open-burning (CO2, CH4, N2O) Emission from fossil fuel (CO2, CH4, N2O) Emission from grid/diesel genset (CO2, CH4, N2O) Emission from biomass in a combustion system (CO2, CH4, N2O) Global Warming Potential Emission from biomass in a combustion system (CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnes of CO2 equivalent) Emission from fossil fuel (CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnes of CO2 equivalent) Emission from grid (CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnes of CO2 equivalent) Emission from biomass use in open-burning (CO2, CH4, N2O in tonnes of CO2 equivalent) (+) (+) (+) (-) EMISSION MITIGATION POTENTIAL Note: Sustainable biomass is CO2 neutral

  14. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR GHG EMISSION MITIGATION CALCULATIONS

  15. CALCULATIONS FOR NATIONAL GRID EMISSIONS - DATA REQUIRED • Efficiency of coal, diesel, fuel oil and natural gas power plants • Lower heating values of fuels • Carbon content of fuel • Specific fuel consumption (kg/kWh) • Emission factors for utility boiler in kg/TJ • Electricity generation mix for the country • Transmission and distribution loss

  16. ASEAN ELECTRICITY GENERATION MIX Source: AEEMTRC, 1996

  17. ASEAN GRID EMISSION FACTORS

  18. EMISSION FACTORS • CO2 emission depends on: Amount of carbon content in fuel • SOx emissions depends on: Amount of sulphur content in fuel • Other emissions depends on: Fuel type, technology, operating conditions Maintenance and vintage of technology

  19. CASE STUDY OF A WOOD WASTE-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT Current scenario: 1.5 MWe wood waste-fired cogeneration Old use of residues: Open-burning Alternative scenario: Diesel genset for power generation + fuel oil boiler for heat requirements Quantity of residues used: 31,640 tonnes per year Quantity replaced: - Diesel power 10,125,000 kWh/year - Fuel oil 2,251 tonnes/year

  20. CASE STUDY OF A WOOD WASTE-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT Emission Mitigation Potential

  21. EXTRAPOLATING MITIGATION POTENTIAL TO ASEAN REGION Maximum Mitigation Potential 1.5 MWe wood waste-fired cogeneration plant Replication in the wood industry mitigation potential: 22,400,944 tonnes CO2 equiv./year mitigation potential: 15,731 tonnes CO2 equiv./year

  22. EXTRAPOLATING MITIGATION POTENTIAL TO ASEAN REGION Conservative Mitigation Potential 1.5 MWe wood waste-fired cogeneration plant Replication in the wood industry mitigation potential: 12,794,547 tonnes CO2 equiv./year mitigation potential: 15,731 tonnes CO2 equiv./year

  23. CASE STUDY OF A RICE HUSK-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT Current scenario: 2.5 MWe rice husk-fired cogeneration Old use of residues: Open-burning Alternative scenario: Grid for power requirements + fuel oil boiler for heat requirements Quantity of residues used: 34,919 tonnes per year Quantity replaced: - Grid power 16,875,000 kWh/year - Fuel oil 661 tonnes/year

  24. CASE STUDY OF A RICE HUSK-FIRED COGENERATION PLANT Emission Mitigation Potential

  25. EXTRAPOLATING MITIGATION POTENTIAL TO ASEAN REGION Maximum Mitigation Potential 2.5 MWe rice husk-fired cogeneration plant Replication in the rice industry mitigation potential: 14,298,210 tonnes CO2 equiv./year mitigation potential: 16,382 tonnes CO2 equiv./year

  26. EXTRAPOLATING MITIGATION POTENTIAL TO ASEAN REGION Conservative Mitigation Potential 2.5 MWe rice husk-fired cogeneration plant Replication in the rice industry mitigation potential: 1,461,274 tonnes CO2 equiv./year mitigation potential: 16,382 tonnes CO2 equiv./year

  27. Barriers and Possible Solutions

  28. Barriers and Possible Solutions

  29. Barriers and Possible Solutions

  30. Barriers and Possible Solutions

  31. CONCLUSION After having been demonstrated that clean and efficient biomass cogeneration projects are technically reliable and economically viable, ASEAN governments are now setting up the right institutional framework to encourage the implementation of such projects. Let us hope that this will help tap this huge renewable energy potential.

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