The Cuban Missile Crisis and Beyond

1. The Cuban Missile Crisis and Beyond

2. Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959 and declared himself a communist.

3. The United States aided Cuban dissidents in a failed attempt to overthrow Castro in 1961. • Soviets try to put missile launch pads in Cuba in 1962, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

7. Leads to Nuclear Test Ban treaty in 1963 • Bans aboveground testing and development of nuclear weapons

8. American veterans of World War II returned home and created the “baby boom.” 1946 – 1964

9. Conservative middle class values and consumerism dominated postwar era. • Large families standard • aided by improved medical care and diet. • Mass consumerism for necessities and luxury goods became the norm. • Americans borrowed, while Europeans saved, to buy consumer durables such as televisions and refrigerators. • The G.I. bill enabled many veterans to go to college.

10. Tupperware typifies the new consumer era: Americans had food surpluses to store and large families to feed.

11. Middle class life gender segregated by work (men) and home (women).

12. American pop culture dominated world, due to radio, television, and movies. • American music, from blues, jazz, to rock and roll standard worldwide.

13. In Europe, existentialism offered an alternative to American materialist modernism. • Martin Heidegger • Influenced French intellectuals such as • Sartre and Camus. • Sartre viewed communist socialism as egalitarian. • Camus was anti-communist who thought engagement was the only way to escape the absurdity of modern existence.

14. Existentialism • Philosophical thinking begins with the individual • The individual is disoriented and confused • The world is absurd

15. Literature, film, and art explored themes of: • Individualism • Conformity • Alienations • Mass murder • Gender • Race • Political persecution

16. American authors explored the complexity of modernism in the postwar period. • William Faulkner • Tennessee Williams • Elizabeth Bishop • British writers wrote about personal struggles with modernity: • W. H. Auden • Dylan Thomas

17. German writers focused on identity, guilt, and truth in language: • Max Frisch • Günter Grass • Latin American writers explored the ambiguities of modernity. • Jorge Luis Borges • Pablo Neruda • Octavio Paz

18. Erich von Stroheim and Jean Renoir pioneered the “art film” which included: • Neorealist • Bicycle Thieves • La strada • The Hustler • The French Connection • New Wave film • Breathless • Jules and Jim

19. Painting: abstract expressionism. • Rothko and Pollock’s

20. Mark Rothko

21. Jackson Pollock

22. Social realism was also popular with artists, especially in Mexico.

24. Populism and Industrialization in Latin America • Latin American stayed out of World War II, and remained economically stagnant. • Depression of the 1930s reduced Latin America’s exports in commodities. • Leaders tried to industrialize by import substitution, making goods domestically.

25. Latin American slowly urbanized after 1945 but led to more income disparity. • Landless migratory workers settled in shantytowns in the cities. • “Informal sector” of peddling, repairing, and recycling developed. • Living in cities did provide educational and health opportunities. • Industrial labor force small, most Latin Americans worked on farms. • Only Mexico and Brazil developed basic industrial goods: steel and chemicals.

27. Latin American states chose populism rather than capitalism or communism. • Emphasis on appealing to the ordinary people and their interests. • Venezuela, Colombia, and Costa Rica tried democracy in the 1950s. • Eight nations had populist regimes, including Argentina and Brazil. • Remaining Latin American states had authoritarian dictatorships.

28. Populism typified by “Peronism” • The rule of Argentina by . • Perónwas part of a military junta that seized Argentina in 1943.

29. Sympathized with urban workers, informal sector, and traditional crafts. • Negotiated with unions for higher and minimum wages, and pensions.

30. Married Eva Duarte, who managed charitable social organizations.

31. Perón elected president of Argentina in 1946 and begins to industrialize and nationalize utilities and transportation. • Perón also nationalized iron, steel, and construction industries. • Machinery had to be imported and Truman refused to send Marshall Plan aid. • Perónwould serve a third term as president, 1973 – 1974 • His second wife Isabel Martínez de Perón would be president from 1974 – 1976

32. The End of Colonialism and the Rise of New Nations

33. Chinese communists won control of China in 1949, after a ten-year civil war. • Mao Zedong adapted Marxism for peasants, communal farms, and decentralized village industrialization.

34. Land reform took land from landlords and distributed it to peasants. • As many as 2 million landlords who resisted were killed. • Began slow collectivization, using incentives to get peasants to share tools and machinery.

35. Mao’s “Let A Hundred Flowers Bloom” asked intellectuals for suggestions for reform. • Intellectuals complained more than expected and tried to start a second party. • By 1957 Mao is concerned that the intellectuals had gone too far. • Intellectuals were arrested and sent off for “reeducation.”

36. Mao launches Great Leap Forward, 1958–1961 to speed up farm collectivization. • Farms were collectivized, with people living in barracks. • Small backyard steel furnaces were built, and farm implements melted down. • Peasants resisted seizure of land and farming tools. • By 1962 some 30 million had died from famine.

37. Palestine Israel • Britain handed the problem of Palestine over the United Nations. • Created the state of Israel, which declared its independence in 1947. • Soviet Union allowed 200,000 Jews to immigrate to Israel. • Soviets sent weapons and planes, helped Israel to fight Arabs. • The United States and Britain placed embargo on weapons to Arabs to help Israel. • Palestinians fled from Israel and Jews were expelled from Arab lands.

38. 600,000+ Jews immigrate to Israel, 1947-1951

39. Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of Egypt in a coup in 1952 and set up a military state. • Led the “Free Officers” in land reform, to break up large estates • Opposed by Muslim Brotherhood, who tried to create an Islamic state. • Nasser outlawed the Muslim Brotherhood in 1954.

40. Once in office (as president) Nasser promoted Arab nationalism. • Supported by Soviets with weapons and in building the Aswan Dam. • Nationalized the Suez Canal from Britain and France. • Closed Straits of Tiran in 1956, a major shipping lane for Israel, but forced to reopen it after the Suez War.

42. Britain and France no longer a player in Middle East politics. • The United States inherits British interests in the area, to protect oil. • Nasser part of Non-Aligned Movement in 1961, independent of superpowers (Bandung Conf.). • Nasser of Egypt • Sukarno of Indonesia • Tito of Yugoslavia

43. India • Before and during the World War III three groups had vied for control of Indian subcontinent. • Indian National Congress wanted a secularized state modeled on Britain. • Muslim League wanted a separate religious state for Muslims • Hindu religious nationalists wanted Indian identity tied to Hinduism.

44. 1947 British divided subcontinent into independent Pakistan and India. • Nearly two million people crossed the borders, and hundreds of thousands died in the exchange. • Pakistan divided in 1971, when Bangladesh declared its independence.

45. First war between India and Pakistan in 1947 over the Kashmir. • Region led by a Hindu prince but had a Muslim majority. • India conquered most of it, but still a source of dispute.

46. New nation of India adopted a British parliamentary and court system. • Led by Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister. • Adopted five-year plans from Soviets to increase agricultural output. • Most pressing problem was poverty and overpopulation.

47. India was a hybrid capitalist-socialist state with private property and socialist state investments. • State socialism focused on nationalizing heavy industry with loans and hampered by poor tax collection and food shortages.

48. The French Empire • France wanted to restore its empire after World War II

49. The first problem was in French Indochina

50. The United States aided Vietnamese communists to fight Japanese in World War II. • Ho Chi Minh, leader of communists, declared Vietnam independent in 1945. • French convinced the United States to help, to prevent victory for communists. • Geneva Conference, 1954 • French defeated in Vietnam • Negotiated a division of Indochina into: • Two Vietnams • Laos • Cambodia.