1. IndianSchools

2. IndianSchools • boarding schools established during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to educate Native American children and youth • often started schools on reservations and founded boarding schools to provide opportunities for children who did not have schools nearby

3. IndianSchools • appearancechangeswithhaircuts • forbidden to speak their native languages • traditional names were replaced by new European-American names • often harsh, especially for younger children separated from their families • forced to abandon their Native American identities

4. IndianSchools • numerous tribal colleges and universities • largest boarding schools have closed • number of Native American children in boarding schools had declined to 9,500by 2007 • more Native Americans are living in urban environments and having to accommodate to majority culture.

5. IndianSchools • In 1634, Fr. Andrew White of the Society of Jesus established a mission in what is now the state of Maryland • "to extend civilization and instruction to his ignorant race, and show them the way to heaven." • In 1665, Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck,from the Wampanoaggraduate from Harvard

6. IndianSchools • Indian school in Hanover, New Hampshiregradually developed into Dartmouth College • Some of thereligiousmissionaires’ efforts were part of the progressive movement after the Civil War • missionaries founded additional schools with boarding facilities

7. IndianSchools • US Army officer Richard Henry Prattcame to believe that removing Indians from their native culture could result in their successful assimilation into the majority culture of the United States • vocationaltrainingforboys • domesticscienceforgirls

8. Indianschools • They also produced a newspaper • had a well-regarded chorus and orchestra • developedsportsprograms • by 1902 there were 25 federally funded non-reservation schools in 15 states and territories, with a total enrollment of over 6,000 students. Federal legislation required Native American children to be educated

9. Indianschools • students were given short haircuts (a source of shame for boys of many tribes), and English names; sometimes based on their own, other times assigned at random, and sometimes children chose new names. • were not allowed to speak their own languages, even between each other, andwere expected to attend church services and encouraged to convert to Christianity.

10. Indianschools • The Meriam Report, officially titled The Problem of Indian Administration, was submitted February 21, 1928 to the Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work • many Indian schools closed in the 1980s and early 1990s. By 2007, 9,500 American Indian children were in Indian boarding school dormitories. This includes those in 45 on-reservation boarding schools, 7 off-reservation boarding schools, and 14 peripheral dormitories

11. Indianschools • A similar system in Canada was known as the Canadian Indian residential school system • Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a 3,600-word formal apology to First Nation, Métis and Inuit people for the legacy of Indian Residential Schools, which he called a "sad chapter in our history."

12. Indianschools "Our first thoughts today are for our elders, many of them have suffered life-long physical and emotional pain because of their residential school experiences.„ (The Anishinabek Nation Grand Council Chief John Beaucage)