Jefferson-Jackson

1. Jefferson-Jackson 1800-1824

2. The Revolution of 1800 • By 1800 the Federalists had lost support with the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts • They also raised taxes and built a navy for the possible war – which did not happen • Adams became known as the “Father of the American Navy” • They also attacked Jefferson claiming:a) he had fathered children with a slaveb) he was an atheistc) he had robbed a widow of her trust fund

3. Jefferson won the election (73-65) [Adams won the popular vote] • He tied with his vice president Aaron Burr and so the decision went to the House which was controlled by the Federalists • Hamilton and Adams persuaded several people to change their vote and thus the election went to Jefferson • There had been a peaceful “revolution” • Adams was the last Federalist president, but there were still Federalists in powerful positions in Washington

4. Jefferson • In 1801, Jefferson was sworn into office in the new capital, Washington D.C. • Jefferson told the nation that all Americans were Federalists, all were Republicans • He also promised to stop foreign alliance, but be friends with all nations • He pardoned those who had been accused under the Sedition Act and returned the time limit for naturalization from 14 to 5 years • He retained the banking system that Hamilton had created, but removed the excise tax

5. “Midnight Judges” • In 1801, before leaving office, the federalists passed the Judiciary Act which packed the court system with Federalists • One of the last appointments was William Marbury who was named a justice of the peace for the capital • Secretary of State James Madison decided to eliminate the position, Jefferson told him to withhold the letter • Marbury sued Madison for a court order (writ of mandamus) ordering Madison to deliver

6. Marbury vs. Madison (1803) • John Marshall – arch Federalist wrote the opinion that Marbury deserved the commission, but that the Court had no jurisdiction • Marshall claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional • The Supreme Court would now decide the constitutionality of laws (judicial review) • The next year, in 1804 Jefferson tried to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, but lacked the votes in the Senate – the last time anyone would try to impeach a Justice

7. Jefferson’s Navy • Jefferson reduced the size of the militia and the navy • But pirates on the Barbary Coast were still attacking American ships • In 1801 the pasha of Tripoli cut down the flag at the American consulate – thereby declaring war • Jefferson was perplexed as to what to do • He sent the American navy to North Africa where it fought for 4 years • In 1805 the pasha signed a peace treaty which paid America $60,000

8. Jefferson became enamored with the small and fast navy that had been successful against the pirates • He invested thousands of dollars in building more – but these small ships were basically useless against large battleships

9. Louisiana Purchase • In 1800 Napoleon secretly forced Spain to give Louisiana to the French • In 1802 the Spanish at New Orleans negated the treaty of 1795 which allowed Americans to use the Mississippi River • Without New Orleans the farmers in the Midwest had no means of getting their produce to market • In 1803 Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France to negotiate a deal for New Orleans and as much land as possible for $10 million

10. Napoleon, desperate for money and disillusioned by the revolt in Haiti, offered New Orleans and all the land to the west for $15 million! • The deal was signed in 1803 • The purchase caused Jefferson some problems – while the deal was unbelievable it was not mentioned in the Constitution • The Senate quickly approved the deal and the United States doubled in size overnight (roughly 3¢ per acre and would allow future presidents to purchase more land

11. Lewis and Clark • In 1804 Jefferson sent William Clark and Meriwether Lewis to explore the purchased land • Lewis and Clark with the help of a Shoshoni Indian, Sacajawea, spent over 2 years exploring the region – they went as far as the Pacific Ocean • Zebulon Pike explored the Mississippi River and named Pike’s Peak

12. Aaron Burr • With the Louisiana Purchase the power of New England and the Federalists was waning • The Essex Junto led by Thomas Pickering considered secession • They contacted Burr who was no favorite of Jefferson • In 1804 Burr lost a chance at the governorship of New York • Hamilton warned that vice president Burr was dangerous man

13. Hamilton and Burr had a dual, Hamilton refused to fire • Hamilton was shot and killed – so was Burr’s career • Indicted for debt and murder the Burr went to Spanish-held Florida before returning to Washington • So long as he stayed away from New York and New Jersey he was safe • He met General James Wilkinson and hatched the Burr Conspiracy

14. The whole matter is not clear – but it seems like they were trying to get Louisiana to secede and become an independent republic • In 1807 Burr learned Jefferson was going to have him arrested and was caught trying to flee to Florida • He was charged with treason but since the prosecution failed to produce two witnesses he was acquitted but with more charges likely he left for France, but returned to New York in 1812

15. The Second term • Jefferson easily won (162-14) the 1804 election • War between Britain and France was seriously hurting American trade • In 1806 the Orders in Council shut ports under French control to foreign ships – unless they stopped at Britain first • Napoleon then ordered all ships that entered British ports to be seized • Several thousand American sailors were impressed

16. In 1807 the American ship Chesapeake was stopped by the British frigate Leopard off the coast of Virginia but in international water • Four sailors were ordered arrested as deserters • The American captain refused to hand over the men • The British ship fired and killed 3 Americans, before the Americans surrendered • The British arrested the four deserters • Even though Britain was wrong, Jefferson refused to be drawn into war – much like Washington and Adams

17. Embargo Act (1807) • To stop French and British aggression Jefferson resorted to an Embargo Act • The act prohibited exports from America regardless of the nationality of the ship involved • New England merchants went bankrupt!Farmers in the South and West could not export cottonSmuggling increased dramatically as did trade with Canada • Congress repealed the act in 1809

19. James Madison • Jefferson refused to run for a third term • Madison took the oath in 1809 – he was bald, short, and a poor speaker, but he was from Virginia – Virginia dynasty • Madison defeated George Clinton of New York 122-47 • He advocated Jefferson’s policy of peaceful coercion – the Nonintercourse Act

20. Non-Intercourse Act • Replaced the Embargo Act and reopened trade to all nations except Britain and France • The Embargo failed because:a) the Americans underestimated the Britishb) Jefferson ended the embargo before it could really have an affect • The embargo did help the Federalists who campaigned for New England • Ironically the embargo did force the Americans to develop their own industry

21. Macon’s Bill No. 2 • In 1810 Congress passed Macon’s Bill No. 2 which permitted world trade and would allow trade with Britain or France IF either dropped their commercial restrictions • Napoleon declared the French would comply • Madison declared America would trade with France • Napoleon lied – he never intended to lift the restrictions • But America became very anti-British

22. War Hawks • In 1811, Henry Clay of Kentucky was appointed Speaker of the House • Clay wanted to remove the Indian threat from the frontier • Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet urged the Indians to fight back • The Indians wanted to keep their land unless there had been proper negotiations • William Henry Harrison attacked Tecumseh’s headquarters at Tippecanoe

23. Harrison burned the Indian camp • In 1813 at the Battle of the Thames Tecumseh was killed and so ended the Indian confederacy • In 1814 Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend opening up the entire Mississippi area • The war hawks had claimed the British had been helping the Indians

24. War of 1812 • Two days before Congress declared war London suspended the Orders in Council • The House voted 79-49 and the Senate 19-13 for war with Britain all the votes for war coming from the south and west – Mr. Madison’s war • The Americans wanted:a) to stop impressmentb) possibly add Canada • The Republicans were allied more to the French and helped fuel the debate

25. The war was one of the worst wars ever fought • There was:a) no burning national anger for warb) a poor armyc) inept plans to invade Canada – all 3 American attacks were beaten back • Washington was burned by the British • Only real American victory was at New Orleans were Jackson was able to defeat the arrogant British – but even that was after the war had officially ended • After the war the British again started raiding American ships

26. Treaty of Ghent • Negotiations started before the end of fighting • Signed 1814 was only an armistice and ignored the demands of both sides • Only 6,000 Americans had been killed or wounded • Heroes like Harrison and Jackson emerged • The leading British politicians were all at the Vienna and those at Ghent were just messengers • Anxious to end the war and save money the British put away their demands

27. Hartford Convention • When the fall of New Orleans seemed imminent representatives from MA, CT, NH, RI, and VT secretly met in Hartford to discuss their grievances and create a plan of action • Some talked of secession but most wanted compensation for lost trade • Three special envoys were sent to Washington to approach Congress – but news of New Orleans forced them to leave in disgrace • The Hartford Convention was the end of the Federalists

28. Nationalism • After the “Second War of Independence” Americans became very nationalistic • Authors like James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving became famous • Washington was rebuilt better than before • American painters painted their nation • History books were written by Americans • American ships now forced the Barbary pirates to pay tribute for damage

29. The Tariff of 1816 • After the war British merchants dumped their goods in America for very cheap prices • Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816 the first tariff designed to protect industry – it put a 20-25% tariff on imports • When Congress distributed funds to the states to help with internal improvements Madison vetoed the legislation – claiming it was unconstitutional

30. The Second National Bank • The first bank expired in 1811 but growing nationalism, protective tariffs, and internal improvements all demanded a national bank for regulation • State banks had appeared almost overnight but their money had little or no value • Plus the country needed a national bank • In 1816 Congress adopted provisions for a new bank of the United States (B.U.S.) located in Philadelphia and to run for 20 years

31. The federal government would own a fifth of the stock and named 5 of the 25 directors • The bank also was a depository for federal funds • In return the bank could not charge the government and had to lend $5 million on demand, and pay the government a cash bonus of $1.5 million

32. James Monroe • Another Virginian and Secretary of State and easily overwhelmed the Federalist Rufus King of New York (183-34) • A staunch Republican, Monroe lacked the skills of his predecessors but worked much harder • He surrounded himself with some of the greatest minds in American historyJohn Quincy Adams – secretary of stateJohn C. Calhoun – headed the war departmentHenry Clay – Speaker of the House

33. The “Era of Good Feeling” • After the defeat of the Federalists in 1816 Monroe enjoyed almost one-party rule • This time was known as the Era of Good Feelings – but not everything was good • The Panic of 1819 caused the first major economic panic since Independencea) deflationb) unemploymentc) overcrowded debtor prisonsd) bankruptciese) bank failures

34. The major cause had been over-speculation in western land • The Bank of the United States went into debt and was soon viewed with suspicion and anger

35. Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817 • Tried to resolve the issues left by the Treaty of Ghent • Britain and America agreed to limit ships on the Great Lakes, but made no reference to land borders • The Convention of 1818:a) The northern limits of the Louisiana Purchase were set at 49th parallelb) All land west of the Rockies would be settled by British and Americansc) Americans gained the right to fish off Newfoundland

36. Growing pains • Between 1791 and 1819 nine frontier states joined the Union • Land inn the West was cheap – “Ohio Fever” • In 1811 the Cumberland Road (Maryland to Illinois) was started • But the West was politically weak • The land Act of 1820 sold land in the West for $1.25 an acre in cash (80 acres) • The new issue was going to be slavery

37. Missouri Compromise • Just as the Panic was taking effect the issue of slavery rose in prominence • In 1819 there were equal slave and free states • The line between the north and south was clear at the Ohio River – some slavery did exist in the north but it was on the way out • There had been no attempt to extend the line across the Louisiana Purchase where slavery had existed since Spanish control • In 1819 the House was asked to pass legislation so Missouri could draft a constitution

38. Missouri met the requirements to be accepted but the House balked at acceptance • The Tallmadge Amendment provided that no more slaves be brought into the slave and freeing those at age twenty-five who would be born when Missouri became a state • The vote passed on party lines, but was rejected in the Senate • Southerners say the loss of slavery in any state as a threat to slavery in all states • The population the north was growing much faster so any political balance would need to be in the Senate

39. When Maine applied for statehood there was a solution • Missouri would be slave – Maine would be free • A line was drawn along the southern border of Missouri – slavery was prohibited north of the line 36° 30´ • Jefferson called the Missouri Compromise “a firebell in the night”

40. Adams’s Transcontinental Treaty • 1819 was a major date in American history- the slavery questions- the financial panic- the end of the “Era of Good Feelings”- Supreme Court decisions • But there was the Florida question • Spain still controlled Florida but it was almost in name only • The region was considered a problem for the Americans who saw the Creeks as a problem and a haven for those escaping justice

41. In the Pinckney treaty (1795) Spain had promised to maintain order but now could not • In 1817 the settlers clashed with Seminole Indians, burned their village and killed several people, the rest fled to Florida • Secretary of War Calhoun gave Andrew Jackson command of the army to pursue the troublemakers into Florida – but not to attack any Spanish settlement • Within four months the Florida panhandle was in American hands

42. Jackson had fought troublemakers, Indians and destroyed a Spain outpost • Spain was furious – most wanted to publicly admonish Jackson but were privately pleased with his tactics • Americans left the panhandle but knew they could return when they pleased • In 1819 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams obtained from Spain all of Florida and the western part of the Louisiana Territory to the Pacific in return for payment of Spanish debts up to $5 million • Florida was an American territory

44. John Marshall • Chief Justice John Marshall dominated the Supreme Court for 34 years • A cousin of Jefferson, he was a staunch Federalist who established the power of the Supreme Court and strengthened the federal government by taking power away from the states • Apart from being involved in Marbury vs. Madison (1803) he was also instrumental in several other key legal cases

45. Legal Cases • Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)Georgia legislature gave away 35 million acres of land after being bribed. The next legislature cancelled the contract. Marshall said the states had to recognize the contract. Invalidated states’ law which conflicted with the Constitution. • McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)Marshall prohibited the state of Maryland from taxing the Bank of the United States – the Court ruled that the government had to do what was “necessary and proper” to carry out policy. It sanctioned the use of implied powers

46. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)New Hampshire could not change the charter of Dartmouth College since it was a contract • Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)Marshall said Congress controlled interstate commerce • This became the basis of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination in public accommodation

47. Monroe Doctrine (1823) • The Monroe Doctrine was the result of careful planning by Adams who realized that European powers were not going to invade America • Aimed specifically at the Russians the Monroe Doctrine stated that no colonization of America would happen again nor could European powers interfere in Latin American affairs • The doctrine was not law and for many years no one paid it much attention. It was not a policy until 1845 -but it was very nationalistic

49. The American System • In 1824 Henry Clay proposed his American Systema) a strong banking systemb) protective tariffsc) road works and canals (Ohio Valley)