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POSTHARVEST HANDLING OF BRAMBLES

POSTHARVEST HANDLING OF BRAMBLES. PENELOPE PERKINS-VEAZIE NCSU KANNAPOLIS NC penelope_perkins@ncsu.edu. DIFFERENCES FROM OTHER CROPS. MUST BE FULLY RIPE MUST PICK INTO FINAL CONTAINER NO WASHING RAPID COOLING AND COLD CHAIN CRITICAL NO MECHANICAL SORTING CONSUMERS EAT WITHOUT WASHING.

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POSTHARVEST HANDLING OF BRAMBLES

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  1. POSTHARVEST HANDLING OF BRAMBLES PENELOPE PERKINS-VEAZIE NCSU KANNAPOLIS NC penelope_perkins@ncsu.edu

  2. DIFFERENCES FROM OTHER CROPS • MUST BE FULLY RIPE • MUST PICK INTO FINAL CONTAINER • NO WASHING • RAPID COOLING AND COLD CHAIN CRITICAL • NO MECHANICAL SORTING • CONSUMERS EAT WITHOUT WASHING

  3. SYSTEMS • ON FARM/FARMERS MARKET -U Pick -Pick into larger containers (quart) -Softer varieties can be used • SHIPPING -Pick into small containers (pint) -Cold chain management is critical -Use only firm varieties

  4. STEPS FOR QUALITY PREHARVEST • VARIETY SELECTION • CONTAINER • HARVEST/HANDLING SYSTEM

  5. VARIETY SELECTION FIRST STEP IN POSTHARVEST LIFE: FIRMNESS: GET IT OFF THE PLANT WITHOUT LEAKING SHAPE AND SIZE: ROUND/LONG, LARGE /SMALL (WHAT FITS YOUR PACKAGE AND MARKET?) SHELF LIFE: DECAY RESISTANCE, TRANSPORT RESISTANCE OTHER DEFECTS: SUNBURN, RED DRUPE

  6. FIRMNESS (COMPRESSION) FIRM SOFT FIRMER IS MORE RESISTANT TO BRUISE AND LEAK

  7. SELECTIONS NATIONAL SHIPPING NAVAHO NATCHEZ APACHE ARAPAHO OUCHITA CHESTER THORNLESS

  8. NUMBER OF BERRIES PER PINT • NAVAHO • 40 ARAPAHO • 35 CHESTER • 30 OUACHITA • 25 APACHE • NATCHEZ

  9. CONTAINERS • PLASTIC CLAMSHELL • ½ PINT, PINT, 12 AND 18 OZ (NO MORE THAN 3 LAYERS) • VENTED ON TOP AND SIDES • UPICK/FARMERS: QUART AND LARGER

  10. CONTAINER STACKABLE 2 LB BASKET FOR LOCAL ONLY CLAMSHELL WITH ROUND HOLES CLAMSHELL WITH SLITS

  11. MASTER FLATS OR CARTONS REINFORCED CORNERS SIDES STACK VERTICALLY FORCED AIR VENTS HOLD 12 CLAMSHELLS TOP FLAT GUARD MASTER WITH AIR VENTS

  12. PICK FULL BLACK, FIRM BE GENTLE!

  13. KEEP FRUIT SHADED WHILE PICKING 70F 80F SHADED SIDE N-S PLANTING

  14. DON’TOVERFILL

  15. MOLDS/FUNGAL PICK EVERY 2-3 DAYS TO AVOID OVERRIPE AND DECAYED FRUIT PICK OFF OVERRIPE/DECAYED FRUIT AND DISCARD BOTRYTIS-GRAY MOLD OTHERS: ANTHRACNOSE, RUST, CLADISPORIUM, FUSARIUM, YEASTS RUST

  16. INJURY PREHARVEST POSTHARVEST HEAT/BRUISE AVOID THESE FRUIT WHEN PICKING SUNBURN RAIN DAMAGE RED DRUPE

  17. PACKING SYSTEM 1 PICK INTO CLAMSHELL PLACE CLAMSHELLS IN TOMATO BOX TRANSPORT TO SHED CHECK/REPACK FRUIT IN CLAMSHELLS PLACE IN MASTERS AND PUT IN COLD ROOM

  18. PACKING SYSTEM 2 FIELD ONLY PICK INTO CLAMSHELLS BRING TO FIELD PACKHOUSE SORT FOR LEAK, DAMAGE PLACE INTO REEFER

  19. PACKING GUIDE CHART

  20. SANITATION: CONSUMERS DON’T ALWAYS WASH FRUIT! PROVIDE WASH STATION AS WELL AS TOILET FACILITIES

  21. STEPS FOR QUALITY POSTHARVEST • COOLING • CA/MA • TRANSIT

  22. COOLING BLACKBERRIES • DELAYS DECAY • REDUCES RESPIRATION/WEIGHT LOSS • CAN CAUSE CONDENSATE IF CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE OCCUR COOLING IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE PRETREATMENT FOR BLACKBERRY SHELF LIFE !

  23. DISEASES • RHIZOPUS (LEAKY ROT) >41 F • BOTRYTIS (GRAY MOLD) >32 F • ANTHRACNOSE >41 F

  24. TEMPERATURE INCREASE RESPIRATION INCREASES WEIGHT LOSS INCREASES DECAY INCREASES

  25. CONDENSATION • WARM AIR HOLDS MORE MOISTURE THAN COLD AIR • AS AIR COOLS, WATER FALLS OUT ONTO COLDEST SURFACE • PLASTIC COOLS FASTER THAN FRUIT

  26. COOLING • ROOM/ REEFER COOLING • FORCED AIR COOLING http://www.storeitcold.com/

  27. ROOM COOLING:ALLOW AIR MOVEMENT BETWEEN BOXES AND FLATS VENTS IN MASTER FOR AIR FLOW WITHIN CARTON

  28. COLD ROOMS • RAILWAY CARS + ELECTRIC MOTOR + DIESEL GENERATOR • SELF-CONSTRUCTED • USED RESTAURANT COLD/FREEZER ROOMS • OFTEN FA IS INSIDE A LARGER COLD ROOM • CONVERT AC UNIT TO COOLING (COOL-BOT) http://www.storeitcold.com/

  29. COOLING ROOM DIAGRAM AL CHANNEL, SLIDING DOOR TRACK, FOAM, RUBBER SEAL STEEL OR AL FRAME SUPPORTS, 2 M CENTERS DOOR 10 CM METAL CLADDING, CAULKED POLY U FOAM EVAPORATOR UNIT 7.5 CM SOLID RUBBER LOWER SEAL REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR 5 CM CONCRETE SUB FLOOR

  30. FORCED-AIR COOLING FORCES COLD AIR THROUGH DIRECTED PATHS IN BOXED FRUIT • CAN BE FIELD PORTABLE • ROOM PORTABLE • BUILT-IN

  31. CURTAIN FA FANS

  32. STORAGE AFTER COOLING • KEEP NEAR 32 F • KEEP RELATIVE HUMIDITY >90% • HOLD NO MORE THAN 2 DAYS

  33. EXTRA LABELING FOR CORRECT TEMPERATURE

  34. AVOIDING WEAK LINKS IN THE COLD CHAIN 1. COOL AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE- MAKE SEVERAL SMALL TRIPS TO COOLER 2. KEEP PRODUCT COOLER IN FIELD-USE SHADE, ADD MIST SYSTEM (WHERE LOW HUMIDITY) 3. PAY ATTENTION TO AIR FLOW, STACKING, BOX VENTS

  35. COLD CHAIN (CONT) • LOAD INTO REFRIGERATED TRANSIT AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE • UNLOAD INTO REFRIGERATED STORAGE QUICKLY • MEASURE/MONITOR TEMPERATURE AT EACH STEP USING RECORDERS

  36. MA OR CA STORAGE • MUST BE HELD AT 0-5 C (32-41 F) TO BE EFFECTIVE • BLACKBERRIES NEED 5-10% OXYGEN AND CAN TOLERATE 10-20% CARBON DIOXIDE

  37. MA OR CA STORAGE • USED DURING TRANSPORT (3-5 DAYS) • EXCELLENT CONTROL OF GRAY MOLD • KEEPS FRUIT IN ‘SUSPENDED ANIMATION’

  38. PALETTE MA USING FILM OVERLAY WITH INJECTED CO2

  39. MA VERSUS TEMPERATURE POSTHARVEST LIFE OF BLACKBERRIES (DAYS) STORAGE TEMPERATURE 68 F 41 F 32 F AIR 1 3 7 MA 2 4 10 LOW TEMPERATURE IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN MA

  40. SUMMARY • CONTROL HARVEST OPERATION • REDUCE FIELD HEAT LOAD • KEEP FRUIT COOL DURING STORAGE AND TRANSIT • USE MA ONLY IF A PREMIUM PRICE

  41. SOURCES OF INFORMATION • BRAMBLE PRODUCTION GUIDE (CORNELL UNIVERSITY) • SMALL SCALE POSTHARVEST HANDLING PRACTICES (UC-DAVIS) • POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS (UC-DAVIS)

  42. SOURCES-WEB SITES • NORTH CAROLINE STATE http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv/ • UNIV CALIFORNIA-DAVIS AND UC-KEARNEYSVILLE http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/ • USDA HANDBOOK 66 http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/contents.html

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