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Human Needs

Human Needs. Objectives. The student will: Evaluate Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Identify and explore commonly used Defense Mechanisms. Contents. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Defense Mechanisms. Abraham Maslow. A noted psychologist who developed a Hierarchy of Needs.

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Human Needs

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  1. Human Needs

  2. Objectives The student will: • Evaluate Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Identify and explore commonly used Defense Mechanisms

  3. Contents Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Defense Mechanisms

  4. Abraham Maslow • A noted psychologist who developed a Hierarchy of Needs. • According to Maslow, the lower needs must be met before a person can work towards meeting the higher needs. • Have significant relevance for health care workers who care for individuals with a variety of health care needs.

  5. Physiological Needs • Food • Water • Oxygen • Elimination of waste • Protection from temperature extremes • Sleep • If any of these needs are not met, death will occur

  6. Safety and Security • Free from fear and anxiety • Feel secure in the environment • Order and routine help an individual to feel safe and secure • Illness is a major threat to one’s security and well being as patients face the uncertainty of the outcome

  7. Love and Affection • Individuals need to feel a sense of belonging • Can both give and receive friendship and love • Illness can interfere with relationships and lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation

  8. Esteem • Feeling important and worthwhile • When others show respect, approval, and appreciation, the individual gains a feeling of esteem and self-respect • Illness can lead to a loss of self-esteem as normally independent individuals must rely on others for basic care.

  9. Self-Actualization • Individuals have: • Obtained their full potential or that they are who they want to be • Are confident and willing to express their beliefs and stick to them • All other needs must be met, at least in part

  10. Implication for Health Care Professionals Healthcare workers must: • consider patient needs and their hierarchical order. • know what their patient’s needs are. • must develop, encourage, enhance, and provide a means of stimulation in a variety of settings.

  11. Physiological Needs Healthcare workers should provide adequate: • Food, water, oxygen • Sleep • Elimination • Protection from extreme temperatures • Sensory needs - hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, and mental stimulation • Motor needs - if muscles are not stimulated, they will atrophy

  12. Safety and Security Healthcare workers should: • Relieve anxiety and fear by explaining procedures and answering questions • Provide security in the environment • Provide order and routine by meeting patient physiological needs

  13. Love and Affection Healthcare workers should: • Get to know patient’s likes, dislikes, & concerns • Be willing to spend time with the patient – avoid a hurried or rushed attitude • Support the patient’s need to spend time with others • Encourage participation in facility activities • Be empathetic, considerate, patient, fair, • Have a positive attitude

  14. Esteem Healthcare workers should: • Focus on strengths and assets • Take individual needs and abilities into account • Be available and approachable • Encourage patient participation • Respect individual differences and values

  15. Self-Actualization Healthcare workers should: • Give patients freedom to explore and discover on their own • Make learning meaningful - connections to “real” life • Allow time for self-expression • Allow patients to be involved in creative activities and projects

  16. Meeting Needs • When needs are felt, individuals are motivated, or stimulated, to act. • If the need is met, satisfaction, of a feeling of pleasure or fulfillment occurs. • If a need is unmet, tension, or frustration occurs. • May be met by direct or indirect methods

  17. Direct Methods Direct methods include: • Hard work • Realistic goals • Situation evaluation • Cooperation with others

  18. Indirect Methods • Indirect methods of dealing with needs reduce the need and help relieve the tension. • The need is still present, but the tension is reduced. • Defense mechanisms, unconscious acts that help a person deal with an unpleasant situation or socially unacceptable behavior, are the main indirect methods.

  19. Defense Mechanisms • Everyone uses defense mechanisms. • Some use is helpful and allows the individual cope with certain situations. • Can be unhealthy is they are used all the time and are substituted for more effective ways of dealing with situations.

  20. Defense Mechanisms Unconscious actions used to cope with difficult situations. Not always negative, unless their use begin to interfere with an individuals sense of reality.

  21. Rationalization Using a reasonable excuse or acceptable explanation for behavior in order to avoid the real reason or true motivation Example:A patient who fears having laboratory tests performed may say, “I can’t take time off from my job.” Purpose: Helps a person to cope with fear of the test or test results

  22. Projection Placing the blame for one’s own actions and inadequacies on someone else or on circumstances rather than accepting responsibility for the actions Example:“The teacher failed me because she doesn’t like me.” Purpose:Allows the person to avoid having to admit that they have made mistakes

  23. Displacement Transferring feeling from one object or person to another object or person. Usually occurs because individuals cannot direct the feelings toward the person responsible, such as a boss or teacher. Example:A man is mad at his boss and goes home and yells at his family. Purpose:Allows feelings to be expressed through or to less meaningful objects or people .

  24. Compensation Substituting one goal for another goal in order to achieve success Example:A student wants to become a doctor, but does not have enough money for med school and becomes a physician’s assistant instead. Purpose:Allows person to overcome weakness or obstacle and achieve success

  25. Daydreaming Dreamlike thought process that occurs when a person is awake Example: A person dreams of becoming a dental hygienist and takes courses to work toward the goal. Purpose: Provides a means of escape is a person is not satisfied with reality.

  26. Repression Transfer of unacceptable or painful ideas, feelings, and thought into the unconscious mind. Occurs when feelings or emotions become too painful or frightening to deal with Example:A person is terrified of heights by does not know why. Purpose:Allows the individual to continue functioning and to “forget” the fear or feeling.

  27. Suppression Similar to repression, but the individual is aware of the unacceptable feelings or thoughts and refused to deal with them. The individual may substitute work, a hobby, etc., to avoid the situation. Example: A woman ignores a lump in her breast, refuses to see her doctor, and avoids thinks about it by working overtime. Purpose: The individual avoids dealing with the stress by focusing on other activity.

  28. Denial Disbelief of an event or idea that is too frightening or shocking for a person to cope with. Example: A mother, though told her daughter has terminal cancer, continues to plan for her daughter’s college entrance Purpose: Temporarily isolates person from full impact of a traumatic situation

  29. Withdrawal Ceasing to communicate or physically removing yourself from a conflict or painful situation. Example: You work with an individual who constantly criticizes your work, so you do all you can to avoid him. Purpose: Escape from an unpleasant situation.

  30. Minimization Trivializing significance of one’s behavior Example: I may miss a lot of school, but I still get more work done than other students. Purpose: Helps one to feel better about themselves.

  31. Reaction Formation Actions are opposite from how one feels. Example: A woman is very angry with her boss and would like to quit her job. Instead she is overly kind and generous toward her boss. Purpose: Escape from one’s inability to face conflict.

  32. Intellectualization Use of academic type explanation to separate personal feelings from painful events Example: A person receives a diagnose of a terminal illness and instead of expressing grief, focuses on the small details of the medical procedures. Purpose: Escape from dealing with an unpleasant situation.

  33. Conversion Emotional conflicts or tensions are converted into physical symptoms that have no physical cause Example: Before giving a speech to her class, a student becomes nauseous. Purpose: Escape from unpleasant situation.

  34. Regression Reverting to an earlier stage of development in the face of extreme stress Example: After the birth of sibling, a child suddenly starts to wet the bed after years of not doing so. Purpose: Returning to a time when the person felt safer.

  35. Implications for Health Care Workers • To effectively meet the needs of patients, health care workers must understand and recognize the actions that individuals take to meet their needs. • By doing so, health care workers can provide more efficient and higher quality care.

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