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The Fall of the Roman Republic: The Rise of Generals and Military Power

This analysis explores the transformation of the Roman military from a farmer-based force to a professional army under Gaius Marius. Marius established a standing army, resulting in soldiers devoted to their generals rather than the state, setting the stage for their eventual rise to political power. The shift culminated in the First Triumvirate, where generals like Julius Caesar gained immense authority, culminating in his declaration as dictator for life. This period highlights the pivotal changes in loyalty, governance, and military structure that led to the decline of the Republic.

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The Fall of the Roman Republic: The Rise of Generals and Military Power

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  1. Rome The Decline of the Republic & the Rise of Generals

  2. The Roman Army • Throughout Roman history, their army had been made up of farmers. • Men who worked in the fields and went to war when necessary. • This actually meant that military campaigns had to end by the fall so that men could return home for the harvest.

  3. Gaius Marius (155-86 BCE) • He created a permanent standing army. • Soldiers had to serve for 16 years with an extra four years if needed. • When service was over, he was given land and allowed to retire and marry. • Men became career soldiers, extremely devoted to the army.

  4. The Roman Legion • 6000 soldiers • 10 cohorts (480 men each) • 60 centuries (80 men each) • 600 centurion (8 men each) • You would start at the most junior centurion and work you way to the first century of the first cohort.

  5. Loyalty • These men became extremely devoted soldiers. • Devoted to Generals rather than government. • It was only a matter of time before Generals became rulers.

  6. The First Triumvirate • Three Military men came to power and split the government of Rome • Pompey the Great (Took control of the Mediterranean) • Marcus Crassus (Marched East through Persia) • Julius Ceasar(Marched his army north and subjugated much of what is now Britain and France)

  7. Caesar Takes Control • Crassus was defeated and killed in 53 BCE. • After ignoring Pompey’s request to disband his army, Caesar marched his army across the Rubicon Stream into Italian territory (illegal) .

  8. Dictator for life • Caesar forced Pompey to retreat to Egypt where he was captured and beheaded. • Caesar had the republic declare him dictator for 10 years (a year later it was extended to life) where he assumed almost all the decision making.

  9. Assassinated – March 15 , 44 BCE • Caesar was dictator for only 2 years when he was assassinated by Marc Anthony, Brutus, Cassius and other senate conspirators.

  10. Read and hand-in • Read pages 180-189 • Complete and hand-in question 1,2&3 on page 189. • Hand in questions from yesterday.

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