WWI

1. WWI 1914-1920

2. World War I Begins • By 1871, Prussia had united Germany and proclaimed the birth of the German Empire. - The new German nation rapidly industrialized and quickly became one of the most powerful nations in the world. 2. To protect itself from the French, Germany signed alliances with Italy and with Austria-Hungary. This became known as the Triple Alliance.

3. World War I Begins 3. Russia and France had a common interest in opposing Germany and Austria-Hungary, so they signed the Franco-Russian Alliance. 4. The system of alliances in Europe encouraged militarism building up of a countries military. - German militarism eventually forced Britain to become involved in the alliance system.

5. World War I Begins 5. Britain, France, and Russia entered an alliance and became known as the Triple Entente. 6. By the late 1800s, nationalism ( having extreme pride in ones country) had become a powerful idea in Europe. • This was one of the reasons for the tensions among the European powers. • In the 1800s, nationalism led to a crisis in the southeastern region of Europe known as the Balkans.

6. World War I Begins 7. Imperialism (stronger country taking over a weaker country). • Therefore, many different national groups within Europe’s empires began to press for independence in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

7. World War I Begins 8. In June 1914 the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife were assassinated by a member of a Serbian nationalist group. This was the spark that started the war.

8. World War I Begins 9. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, causing Russia to immediately mobilize its army. 10. On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia, and two days later they declared war on France. 11. When German troops crossed the Belgian frontier, Britain declared war on Germany. 12. Those fighting for the Triple Entente were called the Allies. - Italy joined them in 1915

9. World War I Begins 13. The Central Powers were made up of Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. 14. In the beginning the Germans were doing very well until Russia invaded Germany they then had to fight a two front war which weakened them. 15. Both sides were locked in a bloody stalemate for 3 years.

10. America Declares War • In general, American public opinion favored the Allied cause. - The United States officially remained neutral for more than two years. - the International League for Peace and Freedom worked to keep America out of the war by urging the president not to build up the military.

11. America Declares War 3. One select group of Americans was decidedly pro-British: President Wilson’s cabinet. • British officials worked diligently to win American support. • One method they used was propaganda (spreading of ideas in order to influence opinion on a topic) 4. American business interests also leaned toward the Allies. - Americans began to invest in the Allies. When Britain, France, and Russia did well the U.S. did well.

12. America Declares War 5. Britain declared a blockade of German ports. - Ships were forced to land in British ports so they could be searched for contraband (illegal items). 6. To stop the shipments into Britain and France, Germany began sinking ships with submarines known as U-Boats. - Germany sank the British ship the Lusitania. 7. Wilson tried to keep the U.S. out of the war by demanding Germany to end submarine warfare by signing the Sussex pledge.

13. America Declares War • However, British intelligence intercepted the Zimmerman telegram (Germany was trying to make an agreement with Mexico so they could attack the U.S). 8. On February 1, 1917, Germany resumed submarine warfare. - They sunk six American Ships - On April 6, Wilson signed a resolution entering America into the war.

14. Organizing for War : Section 2 • In order for the U.S. to be successful in the war and at home agency’s were created to manage money and goods. - Food Administration- run by Herbert Hoover. - encouraged people to grow victory gardens. - Fuel Administration, run by Harry Garfield. - tried to manage the nation’s use of coal and oil. - established daylight savings time - War Industries Board- coordinated the production of war materials.

15. Organizing for War 2. To fund the war, Congress passed new tax laws and borrowed over $20 billion through the sales of Liberty Bonds and Victory bonds. 3. Many women began to enter the works force while the men were overseas fighting. 4. Many African Americans moved to the north to also work in the factories this was known as the Great Migration.

16. Organizing for War 5. President Wilson also created the Committee on Public Information they used propaganda and passed legislation to fight espionage (spying to gain government secrets). - The Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 allowed government to prosecute anyone who interfered with the war effort. - Schenck v. U.S. – freedom of speech could be curbed during times of war

18. Building the Military • 2.8 million Americans were drafted from a conscription system known as selective service. 2. 2 million men volunteered for military service.

19. Building the Military 3. More than 50,000 Americans died in combat and over 200,000 were wounded. -Another 60,000 soldiers died from disease. 4. African American soldiers encountered discrimination and prejudice in the army, where they served in racially segregated units, almost always under the supervision of white officers.

20. Building the Military • World War I was the first war in which women officially served in the armed forces, although only in noncombat positions. - The navy was the only branch to assign women rank in the military. - Army or Navy nurses were the only women sent over seas, but were not assigned rank.

21. Combat in World War I : Section 3 • More people were killed by artillery fire than by any other weapon in World War I. • To protect themselves from artillery, troops began digging trenches. • The space between opposing trenches was called no – mans land.

24. Combat in World War I 2. New technology was used in the war: • machine guns • poison gas • gas masks • tanks • Aircraft (dogfights) • Zeppelins (first & last war they were used in)

25. The Americans Arrive • The US. was able to transport soldiers on merchant ships protected by destroyers to Europe. - these were called convoys

27. The Americans Arrive Russia Leaves the war 2. Russians became angry with how their government was handling the war and the Russian Revolution began. - Unable to fight both warsRussia gave much of itsterritory to Germany.

28. The Americans Arrive 3. General John J. Pershing (U.S. leader) refused to integrate into the British and French armies. - However, the 93rd Infantry Division—an African American unit—was transferred to the French and became the first Americans to enter into combat along the Western Front.

29. The Americans Arrive Cont. 4. American troops played an important role in containing the German offensive that was heading for Paris. - May – U.S. took the village of Cantigny - June 1st – U.S. & French blocked the German drive on Paris at the town of Chateau-Thierry - On July 15, the Germans launched one last massive attack in an attempt to take Paris, but American and French troops held their ground.

30. The Americans Arrive Cont. 5.The battle of the Argonne Forest started in mid September by the French. - an American offensive was launched in the region between the Meuse River and Argonne Forest. - this was the most massive attack in U.S. history. - by November the Americans had shattered the Germans defense and opened a hole in the eastern flank. - all across the Western Front Germans began to retreat.

31. The Americans Arrive Cont. 6. In October 1918, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia declared their independence. -By early November, the governments of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire had surrendered to the Allies.

32. The Americans Arrive Cont. 7. On November 9, Germany became the Weimer republic. • -Two days later, the government signed an armistice (temporary agreement to end fighting). • At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918, the fighting stopped.

33. A Flawed Peace • In January 1919, delegates met in France at the Paris Peace Conference, to discuss the Treaty of Versailles. • The most important participants were the “Big Four”: • U.S. • Great Britain • Italy • France • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKzZ1OwPXgk&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

34. A Flawed Peace 3. When President Wilson arrived in Paris he introduced the fourteen points. 4. The fourteen points called for the League of Nations.

35. A Flawed Peace 5.Problems with the Peace Terms: - Germany had to pay reparations ($ paid by loser to winner for damaged caused) -had to give back land • Take full blame • Reduce their military 6. Four Empires including the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German, and Ottoman were dismantled.

36. A Flawed Peace 7. Opposition from senators created problems for Wilson so the U.S. ended up negotiating separate peace treaties with each of the central powers.

37. An Economy in Turmoil 1. The country experienced rapid inflation and economic turmoil in 1919. • Inflation greatly increased the cost of living. • It also led to an enormous wave of strikes. 2. The first major strike took place in Seattle, where some 35,000 shipyard workers walked off the job demanding higher wages and shorter hours. - Other unions in Seattle soon joined the shipyard workers and organized a general strike (all workers in general location).

38. An Economy in Turmoil 3. The most famous strike took place in Boston, where roughly 75 percent of the police force walked off the job. 4. The economic turmoil after the war also contributed to widespread racial unrest, which led to race riots.

40. The Red Scare 1. Americans had long been suspicious of communist ideas. 2. The strikes of 1919 fueled fears that Communists, or “reds,” might seize power - This led to a nationwide panic known as the Red Scare. 3. In April 1919, the postal service intercepted more than 30 parcels containing homemade bombs addressed to prominent Americans. - Eight months later eight bombs in eight different cities exploded within minutes of each other.

41. The Red Scare 4. This caused for the creation of the General Intelligence Division which is now known as the FBI. • J. Edgar Hoover headed this special division within the Justice Department. • Palmer’s agents often ignored the civil liberties of the suspects. • Many immigrants were deported (sent back to the countries they came from)

43. The Red Scare 5. People were angry with the government and were ready for a change. 6. The Republican candidate, Warren G. Harding, called for a return to “normalcy.” -He won the 1920 election by a landslide margin of over 7 million votes.