Principal Investigators (PIs) Dr. Paul Mohai Dr. Byoung-Suk Kweon Post-doctoral Research Fellow

1. Using Combined Air Toxic Concentrations to Discern Patterns of School Absenteeism and Academic Performance Principal Investigators (PIs) Dr. Paul Mohai Dr. Byoung-Suk Kweon Post-doctoral Research Fellow Dr. Sangyun Lee April 13, 2011 School of Natural Resources & Environment University of Michigan Sponsor The Kresge Foundation

2. Locations of 3660 public schools in the State of Michigan in 2007

3. Total Air Toxic Concentrations from Industrial Sources (RSEI-GM) in the State of Michigan (Total of All Chemicals in 2006)

4. Total Air Toxic Concentrations from Industrial Sources (RSEI-GM) in the State of Michigan (Total of All Chemicals in the Top 10 Percentile)

5. 2006 Toxic Concentration Contours in Michigan (For Manganese) About 30% of cells have zero toxic concentration

6. 2006 Toxic Concentration Contours in Michigan (For Manganese and Top 10 Percentile)

7. 2006 Toxic Concentration Contours in Michigan (For Lead)

8. 2006 Toxic Concentration Contours in Michigan (For Lead and Top 10 Percentile)

9. Estimating toxic air concentrations from industrial sources (RSEI-GM) within 2 km of schools using areal apportionment Mean air toxic concentration within 2 km circle of the school = ∑ %CGi * TCi %CGi = Percent of area of the 2 km circle captured by grid celli TCi = Total toxic concentration in grid celli n i=1

10. Top 12 chemicals in areas within 2 km of schools and identified adverse health effects Data obtained from Scorecard: http://www.scorecard.org.

11. Deciles of toxic air concentrations (TC) by land area in Michigan and school-based demographics Based on 2006 RSEI-GM

12. Percent of Students Not Meeting MEAP Standards by Quintiles of Total Air Toxic Concentrations English Percent of Students Toxicity Quintiles 1st Math Percent of Students Toxicity Quintiles 1st MEAP scores are for 2007. Total air toxic concentrations are for 2006. Percent of students not meeting MEAP standards are based on averages across all schools in Michigan.

13. Regression analysis of percent of students not meeting English MEAP standards by quintiles of total air toxic concentrations • * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 • Grades 3rd to 8th combined

14. Regression analysis of percent of students not meeting math MEAP standards by quintiles of total air toxic concentrations • * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 • Grades 3rd to 8th combined

15. Regression analysis of school attendance rates by quintiles of total air toxic concentrations * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001

18. Percent of students not meeting MEAP standards by quintiles of manganese concentrations English Percent of Students Toxicity Quintiles 1st Math Percent of Students Toxicity Quintiles 1st MEAP scores are for 2007. Concentrations of manganese are for 2006 RSEI. Percent of students not meeting MEAP standards are based on averages across all schools in Michigan.

19. Percent of students not meeting MEAP standards by quintiles of lead concentrations English Percent of Students Toxicity Quintiles 1st Math Percent of Students Toxicity Quintiles 1st MEAP scores are for 2007. Concentrations of lead are for 2006 RSEI. Percent of students not meeting MEAP standards are based on averages across all schools in Michigan.

20. Regression analysis of % of students not meeting English MEAP standards by manganese and lead concentrations • * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 • Grades 3rd to 8th combined

21. Regression analysis of % of students not meeting Math MEAP standards by manganese and lead concentrations • * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 • Grades 3rd to 8th combined

22. Respiratory risk contours in the state of Michigan (2005 National Air Toxics Assessment) Contours based on accumulated area (in square kilometers) of census tracts in ascending order of respiratory risk ratio from 2005 NATA

23. Respiratory risk contours of the 10th decile in the state of Michigan (2005 National Air Toxics Assessment) Contours based on accumulated area (in square kilometers) of census tracts in ascending order of respiratory risk ratio from 2005 NATA

24. Estimating respiratory risk ratios (NATA) within 2 km of schools using areal apportionment Mean respiratory risk ratio within 2 km circle of the school = ∑ %CTi * RRRi %CTi = Percent of the area of the circle captured tracti RRRi = Respiratory risk ratio for tracti n i=1

25. Deciles of respiratory risk ratio in Michigan and school-based demographics Respiratory risk ratios are based on 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) and includes major, area, on-road mobile, non-road mobile, and background sources

26. Percent of Students Not Meeting MEAP Standards by Quintiles of Respiratory Risks MEAP scores are for 2007. Respiratory risks are for 2005. Percent of students not meeting MEAP standards are based on averages across all schools in Michigan.

27. Regression analysis of percent of students not meeting English MEAP standards by quintiles of total respiratory risk • * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 • Grades 3rd to 8th combined

28. Regression analysis of percent of students not meeting math MEAP standards by quintiles of total respiratory risk • * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 • Grades 3rd to 8th combined

29. Regression analysis of school attendance rates by quintiles of total respiratory risks * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001