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Chemistry

Chemistry. J. Cauthers Living Environment. Atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means. Basic Definitions. ELEMENT - Substance made from only one type of atom - E.g. Calcium Ca

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Chemistry

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  1. Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment

  2. Atoms • Atomsare the building blocks of ALL matter. • Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

  3. Basic Definitions • ELEMENT - Substance made from only one type of atom - E.g. Calcium Ca • COMPOUNDS: made from two or more different atoms and joined chemically in definite proportions • E.g. Carbon Dioxide CO2

  4. Inside and Atom • Nucleus • Protons (+) • Neutrons (0) • Isotopes have different #s of neutrons and some are radioactive • Orbitals • Electrons (-) • Give atoms their unique properties

  5. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds All chemical compounds are broken into two categories: 1) Organic compounds 2) Inorganic Compounds

  6. Organic Compounds Always contain: Carbon and Hydrogen

  7. Organic Compounds cont. Other elements found in organic compounds include: Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur

  8. Organic Compounds Most common elements to appear in organic compounds are: CHNOPS!!!

  9. Inorganic Compounds Any compound that isn’t organic Note: Some contain carbon!!! (CO2)

  10. Agua!!! Why do we need to talk about water in a class about biology? Life would not exist were it not for water.

  11. Water Equation for water is H2O Is water an organic, or inorganic compound? Inorganic (no carbon)

  12. Brita Water is called a POLAR MOLECULE (a partial + and – charge) The positive end of one water molecule (H end) will be attracted to the negative end of another water molecule (O end).

  13. Pûr - - + + Hydrogen Oxygen

  14. Polar Properties Cohesion:attraction between water molecules. Surface tension: holds drops of water together especially at surface.

  15. Perrier Surface tension in action:

  16. Joe Water Surface tension again:

  17. Heavy Water (deuterium)

  18. Polar Properties ADHESION attraction of one substance to anotherExplains why water is such a good solvent…other substances (polar ones) are attracted to water.

  19. Adhesion accounts for capillary action or capillarity. Capillary action : water rises up any narrow space due to attraction with the substance it is interacting with (i.e. glass, or plant roots.)

  20. Acids and Bases • Water and other compounds can break apart and form ions in solution • Acids give off H+ ions • Bases give off OH- ions

  21. pH • Concentration of H+ ions • More H+ ions the lower the pH • Acids – pH 1<7 • Bases – pH >7-14 • Neutral = ~7

  22. Organic Compounds • Four Types • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

  23. Carbohydrates • Building blocks: sugars • Contain C, H and O in a ratio of 2H:1O • Main source of energy • Structural purposes • Long chains form starches • Plants store extra as starch • Think potatoes! • Animals store extra as glycogen in liver

  24. Starch

  25. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides – single sugars • Glucose, fructose • Disaccharides – two sugars • Maltose, Sucrose • Polysaccharides – many sugars • Starch, cellulose

  26. Maltose Sucrose

  27. Proteins • Building Blocks: amino acids • Contain: C, H, O, N • Control rate of reactions • Regulate cell processes • Form bones and muscles • Transport substances in or out of cells • Help to fight disease

  28. Proteins • Form 3D structures by folding • Form enzymes- regulate reactions

  29. Amino Acids

  30. Lipids • Building Blocks: Glycerol, 3Fatty acids • Contain: C, H, and O • Stored energy • Part of cell membrane • Steroids and chemical messengers • E.g. - Fats, oils and waxes

  31. Saturated – only single bonds between C and H Unsaturated – at least one double bond between C and H

  32. Nucleic Acids • Building blocks: Nucleotides • 5 C sugar • nitrogenous base • Phosphorus • Contain C, H, O, N and P • Store and transmit genetic info

  33. Nucleic Acids • Two types • DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid • Sugar is deoxyribose • Inside nucleus • Double stranded • RNA – Ribonucleic acid • Sugar is ribose • Involved with protein synthesis • Single stranded

  34. Enzymes • Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions • Lower energy need to get reaction going (Activation energy) • Made of proteins

  35. Catalyzed Reactions

  36. Enzymes again… • The object enzymes work upon are called substrates. • Specific to the object they work upon • Most enzymes are named according to what they work upon. • Naming: change the ending of the substrate name to –ase

  37. Enzyme Naming Substrate Enzyme Maltose ?? Sucrose ?? Lipid ??

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