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Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism. Section 2: Reaction and Revolution. The Congress of Vienna. Congress of Vienna began in 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement between European nations after Napoleon’s defeat. (SG12)
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Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
The Congress of Vienna • Congress of Vienna began in 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement between European nations after Napoleon’s defeat. (SG12) • Prince Klemens von Metternich dominated the meetings and was guided by the “principle of legitimacy” (SG12): • Lawful monarchs before Napoleon would be restored to power. • The Congress was most interest in creating a “balance of power” between states and rearranged territory to accomplish this. (SG12)
Conservatism and the Balance of Power • Metternich and the rulers of Europe believed in the political philosophy known as conservatism: • Based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability. (SG13) • Most conservatives favored obedience to political authority (e.g. monarchs). (SG13) • Hate revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands for individual rights or representative government. (SG13) • To maintain the balance of power Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria pledge to meet at times to take steps necessary to maintain peace. • These meetings became known as the Concert of Europe.
Principle of Intervention • To maintain the balance of power the great powers adopted a “principle of intervention”: (SG14) • The great powers had right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to power. • Great Britain refused to accept this principle. They argued that other nations internal affairs should not be interfered with. • The other great powers used military force to crush revolutions in Spain and Italy and restore monarchies.
Liberalism • Liberalism: (SG15) • The political philosophy that holds that people should be as free as possible from government restraint. • Liberals had a common set of political beliefs: • Equality before the law. • Freedom of assembly, speech and the press. • All individual rights should be guaranteed by a written document (e.g. Bill of Rights). • Favor constitutional governments (e.g. constitutional monarchy). • Did not believe in democracy where everyone could vote, especially not the lower/working class. • Most Liberals came from the Industrial Middle Class/Bourgeoisie.
Nationalism • The power of nationalism grew during the 19th century. • Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves as part of a community defined by: • A distinctive language. • Common institutions. • Common customs. • Nationalism was a strong motivation for a united Germany and Italy. (SG16) • A threat to existing political order, as a united Germany would be a threat to the balance of power. (SG16)
Revolutionary Outbursts • Beginning in 1830, revolutions fueled by liberalism and nationalism challenged the conservative domination of Europe. • In France, Charles X was overthrown and replaced by Louis Philippe, a constitutional monarch. • Belgium rebelled and created an independent state. • Poland and Italy both rebelled but were crushed by Russia and Austria respectively.
Revolutions of 1848 - Activity Newspapers Instructions: • Break into groups of 4-5 • Try and get it right on your own or I will number you off and make the groups that way. • Take a “Newspaper Activity Handout Packet” from the desk.
Revolutions of 1848 - Activity • As a group select your nation from: • France (1 group) • Austria (1 group) • Italian States (2 groups) • German States (2 groups) • Assign Reporter Roles in Group: • 1 Recap of Events article • 1 Important Figure biopic article • 1 Pro-liberalism editorial • 1 Pro-conservative editorial • 1 Sports & Entertainment articles (only if group is more than 4)
Revolutions of 1848 - Activity • Take 15-20 minutes to write your article on the worksheet proved. Make sure to write your name at the top. • Your article needs to be the following: • At least two to three full paragraphs. • Be accurate and legible. • Accompanied by a hand drawn “photo”.
Revolutions of 1848 - Activity • Get a sheet of butcher paper (I will provide). • Get markers from the white basket on the desk. • As a group layout your front page for the newspaper. • Take turns copying your articles and pictures onto the newspaper. • When you are done take an Industrialization Crossword and Europe/Asia Map worksheet. • Work quietly on the worksheet until the whole class has finished.
