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Chapter 32

Chapter 32. Introduction to Animals. Characteristics. Multicellular Specialization (cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems = particular function) Heterotrophs – ingestion Sexual and Asexual reproduction – zygote and differentiation Movement – most have ability to move. 2 Categories.

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Chapter 32

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  1. Chapter 32 Introduction to Animals

  2. Characteristics • Multicellular • Specialization (cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems = particular function) • Heterotrophs – ingestion • Sexual and Asexual reproduction – zygote and differentiation • Movement – most have ability to move

  3. 2 Categories • Invertebrates - no backbone • Over 95% of all animals • Insects, Worms, Jellies, Sea Stars, Etc. • Vertebrates - backbone • Other 5% • Fish, Amphibian, Reptile, Bird, Mammal

  4. Animal Functions • Feeding - most ingest • Respiration - take in O2 & give off CO2 • Circulation - move oxygen, nutrients, waste, water thru body • Excretion - wastes (ammonia) • Response - respond to environ. thru nerve cells • Movement - thru muscles • Reproduction - most sexual, some asexual

  5. Body Symmetry • Asymmetry - no symmetry • Sponges only • Radial - body parts repeat around center of body (many ways to divide into equal halves) • Sea star, sea anemone, jellyfish • Bilateral - one way to divide body in half (left, right, front, back) • All other animals

  6. Body Symmetry

  7. Symmetry

  8. Origin and Classification • First animals probably arose in the sea • Invertebrates – first multicellular animals; evolved from protists • Cell speciation • Scientists use a branching diagram to show how animals are related through evolution (pg. 653): Phylogenic Diagram

  9. Phylogenic Diagram

  10. Evolutionary Relationships • Smaller the category the more related the organisms are: • DNA & RNA sequences • Shared a common ancestor • Use cladograms to show evolutionary relationships

  11. Cladogram

  12. Cladogram • Closer together on cladogram = the more closely related • Ex: bird & croc close • Ex: bird & shark not close

  13. Binomial Nomenclature • Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist 1700’s • 2 word naming system • Latin, Italicized, first word capitalized • Ex: Ursus maritimus - polar bear • Ursus = genus (closely related species -bears) • 2nd name = species - describes a trait

  14. Binomial Nomenclature • Ursus maritimus • Ursus arctos

  15. Classification System • Largest to smallest: • Kingdom (Ken) • Phylum (Poured) • Class (Coffee) • Order (On) • Family (Fred’s) • Genus (Green) • Species (Shirt)

  16. Kingdom • Largest • Linnaeus 2 kingdoms: plant & animal • Current 6 Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist

  17. Invertebrate Characteristics • Radial or bilateral symmetry • Segmentation • Simple skeletons (sponge), exoskeletons, fluid-filled pressure • Gas exchange across body covering or through gills • Open or closed circulatory system • Digestion by individual cells or through gut • Simple to diverse nervous systems • Sexual and asexual reproduction • Indirect (laval stage) or Direct (looks like adult) development

  18. Vertebrate Characterisitis • Backbone – vertebrae (segmented) • Endoskeleton • Bilateral symmetry • Integument (outer covering of skin) • Gills = aquatic vertebrates • Lungs = terrestrial verts • Digestion = gut and associated organs • Highly organized brains and nervous system • External (fish/amphibians) and Internal Fertilization • External development and Internal development (placental)

  19. Fertilization and Development • Book work

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