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This chapter delves into the harrowing realities of the Holocaust, where approximately 6 million Jews were systematically exterminated as part of Hitler's "Final Solution." It highlights the brutality of concentration and extermination camps such as Auschwitz and Dachau, detailing the horrific experiments conducted on inmates. Additionally, it touches upon the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and discusses key events leading to the war's end in Europe and the Pacific, including D-Day and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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Chapter 32 Sections 3, 4, 5
Holocaust • Holo = Whole; Kaustos = Burnt • Genocide of about 6 million Jews • Hitler called it “his final solution” • Also killed - including Poles, Soviet civilians and POWS, handicapped, gay men, and political and religious opponents • Total = 11 – 17 million
Cont • Before war started concentration camps opened up to remove Jews from cities • Famous camps - Auschwitz and Dachau • Extermination camps sole purpose was execution • Mass shootings at first, then gas chambers
Cont • Used inmates for experiments • Pressure chambers, freeze them, tested different drugs, try to change eye color of kids, amputations and other brutal surgeries • If survived, usually killed after and dissected • 90% Jews in Poland, Baltic Countries, Germany, Austria died
Japanese American Internment Camps • About 110,000 (2/3 American citizens) sent to War Relocation Camps • Executive Order 9066 allowed it • All Japanese Americans on west coast were sent to camps • Reagan apoligized, $1.6 billion paid in reparations
Cont • Camps in remote, desolate areas • Had schools, played baseball games, music lessons, said the pledge every morning • Many loss irreplaceable personal items because of what they could bring
Final Days in Europe • General Patton Pushes Germans out of Africa • Sicily invaded in 1943 • People revolted against Mussolini • Italy signs an armistice Sept 1943 • Germany out of USSR by 1944 • June 6, 1944 D – Day, led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Attack in Normandy, France • Allowed Allies to form a base in Europe
Cont • Soviets take Germans out of the Balkans • Battle of the Bulge stopped last German offensive on Western Front • December 1944 in the Ardenes Forest
Feb 1945 Churchill, FDR, Stalin met in Yalta • Discuss postwar • Germany to be divided up into four zones • Fight until get unconditional surrender
Cont • Western Allies get to Rhine River • Soviets get to Berlin border • FDR dies April 12, Harry S Truman takes over • Mussolini killed April 28 • April 30 Hitler commits suicide • May 8, 1945 V E Day
End in the Pacific • Battle of Iwo Jima, February 1945 • 22,000 Japanese there to fight, 21,000 died • 7,000 Allied forces killed • July 1945 meeting at Potsdam • Fight until get Japanese unconditional surrender • USSR would declare war on Japan
Cont • Massive firebombings on Japanese cities, no surrender • August 6, 1945 Little Boy dropped from B-29 bomber called Enola Gay at Hiroshima • Killed 80,000 instantly • No unconditional surrender • August 9, Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki • 40,000 killed
Post War • Germany divided into 4 zones • US, GB, France, and USSR • US, GB, France form West Germany • USSR forms East Germany • Berlin is split by Berlin Wall
Cont • The United Nations is formed • An international peace keeping organization • Churchill said that an “iron curtain had descended on the continent” • Division of Communist and Democracies
