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Introduction to Animal Evolution: Unique Characteristics and Phylogenetic Relationships

This chapter explores the fundamental aspects of animal evolution, highlighting unique characteristics such as heterotrophic eukaryotic ingestion, absence of cell walls, and the presence of nervous and muscular tissues. It delves into significant evolutionary concepts including the Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy, radial versus bilateral symmetry, and germ layer development. Further, it categorizes animal groups based on coelom formation and discusses the protostome-deuterostome dichotomy. Understanding these concepts offers insights into animal diversity and phylogeny.

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Introduction to Animal Evolution: Unique Characteristics and Phylogenetic Relationships

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  1. Chapter 32 • Introduction to Animal Evolution

  2. Definition • Unique characteristics: • Heterotrophic eukaryotes; ingestion • Lack cell walls; collagen • Nervous & muscular tissue • Sexual; diploid; cleavage; blastula; gastrulation; larvae; metamorphosis • Regulatory genes: Hox genes

  3. Animal phylogeny & diversity, I • Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist ancestor • 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true tissues • 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy: Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) & Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body symmetry (also: cephalization)

  4. Animal phylogeny & diversity, II • 3- Gastrulation: germ layer development; ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner); radiata are diploblastic-2 layers; no mesoderm; bilateria are triploblastic-all 3 layers • 4- Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, and Coelomate Grades: triploblastic animals~ solid body, no body cavity called acoelomates (Platyhelminthes-flatworms); body cavity, but not lined with mesoderm called pseudocoelomates (Rotifers); true coelom (body cavity) lined with mesoderm called coelomate

  5. Animal phylogeny & diversity, III • 5- Protostome-Deuterostome dichotomy among coelomates: protostomes (mollusks, annelids, arthropods); deuterostomes (echinoderms, chordates) • a) cleavage: protostomes~ spiral and determinate; deuterotomes~ radial and indeterminate • b) coelom formation: protostomes~ schizocoelous; deuterostomes~ enterocoelous • c) blastopore fate: protostomes~ mouth from blastopore; deuterostomes~ anus from blastopore

  6. Phylum - ANNELIDA • earthworm • http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/earthworm.html • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-6b/Index-Lab-6b.htm

  7. Phylum: Arthropoda • Crayfish • http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/crayfish.html • Grasshopper • http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Grasshopper/

  8. Phylum - ASCHELMINTHES • Mollusca • http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab06/Lab06.htm

  9. Phylum: Porifera • http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Animal%20Diversity/Lower%20Invertebrates/sponges.htm#Cnidarians%20(Phylum%20Cnidaria) • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-3b/Index-Lab-3b.htm

  10. Cnidaria • Jellyfish • http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20080815/MULTIMEDIA03/80814042

  11. Phylum: Chordata • Perch • http://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Perch/Perch.html

  12. Phylum: Mollusca • Clam • http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Clam/ • Squid • http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Squid/

  13. Echinoderm • Starfish • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-8b/Index-Lab-8b.htm

  14. Platyhelminthes • Nematode • http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-4b/Index-Lab-4b.htm

  15. Phylum Brachlopoda • Lamp shells • http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab11/Lab11.htm

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