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Internet and Impact

CS4HS at Marquette University. Internet and Impact. Internet. What is the Internet?. The network of hardware and software systems that connects many of the world’s computers Typically, people say the Internet and capitalize the “I” because there is only one Until we meet aliens

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Internet and Impact

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  1. CS4HS at Marquette University Internet and Impact

  2. Internet

  3. What is the Internet? • The network of hardware and software systems that connects many of the world’s computers • Typically, people say the Internet and capitalize the “I” because there is only one • Until we meet aliens • Or decide to break off from the rest of the world • The World Wide Web is the part of the Internet that is concerned with webpages • The Internet also includes: • FTP • VOIP • Bittorrent • Multiplayer video games • Much, much more…

  4. Packet switched • The Internet is a packet switched system • Individual pieces of data (called packets) are sent on the network • Each packet knows where it is going • A collection of packets going from point A to point B might not all travel the same route C B 1 A 2 D

  5. Circuit switched • Traditionally, phone lines have been circuit switched • A specific circuit is set up for a specific communication • Operators used to do this by hand • Now it is done automatically • Only one path for data A C B 1

  6. Circuit vs. packet switching • Which one is faster? • Circuit switching • Which one is more predictable? • Circuit switching • So, why is the Internet packet switched? • More adaptable

  7. Birth of the Internet • The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in 1958 to respond to the Russians launching Sputnik • The ARPANET connected its first two major nodes over 10 years later • Packet switching was used so that the network could still communicate after a nuclear strike

  8. What the Internet isn't • A big truck • A series of tubes • Invented by Al Gore • He never claimed it was • But he did create the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 which funded many efforts that brought the Internet to the masses faster

  9. IP addresses • Computers on the Internet have addresses, not names • Google.com is actually [74.125.67.100] • Google.com is called a domain • The Domain Name System or DNS turns the name into an address

  10. IPv4 • Old-style IP addresses are in this form: • 74.125.67.100 • 4 numbers between 0 and 255, separated by dots • That’s a total of 2564 = 4,294,967,296 addresses • But there are 7 billion people on earth…

  11. IPv6 • IPv6 are the new IP addresses that are beginning to be used by modern hardware • 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits each • 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 • 1 hexadecimal digit has 16 possibilities • How many different addresses is this? • 1632 = 2128 ≈ 3.4×1038 is enough to have 500 trillion addresses for every cell of every person’s body on Earth • Will it be enough?!

  12. Other failures in design • Y2K bug • 2 bytes for the date is not enough • It’s all just going to get messed up in Y10K • Y2038 bug • Unix and Linux machines often use a signed 32-bit integer to represent seconds since January 1, 1970 • Zip codes • Vehicle identification numbers

  13. Activity • Write down the most important aspect of your day-to-day life that had not been invented 20 years ago • Be specific! • Answers like "the Internet" are too vague

  14. My Trip to NYC

  15. Trip to NYC • It's impossible to make a meaningful list of all the CS innovations that have impact now • Let's go on a journey to New York City that I just took with my parents • On the way, I'll try to note all the CS impacts that we come across

  16. Air travel • My parents wanted to come visit me in Philadelphia for my birthday • They live in Indiana • They searched on Orbitz.com for the best flight and then booked it through USAirways.com • How did anyone do this before the Internet? • According to a 2011 Forbes article, the travel agent business has shrunk by 14% (12,500 jobs) in the last 5 years

  17. Bus travel • From Philadelphia, we took Megabus to NYC • Booked tickets online • Printed them out • Waved incomprehensible printouts at the bus driver • $14 round trip per person • It is possible to book tickets on the phone, but almost all their business is online • They don't have offices or even proper bus stops • But their buses have free wireless!

  18. Where did we stay? • We wanted to stay in Brooklyn • We used AirBnB.com • People rent out their homes to travelers • It's cheaper than a hotel • You get full kitchen facilities • We paid $135 a night for three people • It's a level up from CouchSurfing.org

  19. What did we eat? • My parents are vegan • Finding vegan food is hard • Even in NYC • I used Yelp.com to find highly rated vegan and vegetarian restaurants within walking distance • Sometimes we used AllMenus.com to make sure a non-vegetarian place had options

  20. How did we get around? • We didn't take a single cab • We walked everywhere and took the subway • I navigated with the GPS in my iPhone 3GS • We didn't make any wrong turns

  21. Who made this possible? • Web developers at Orbitz.com, USAirways.com, Yelp.com, AirBnB.com, and AllMenus.com • Software developers at Google and Apple • Hardware developers at Apple (and the countless firms they contract with) • Network architects and technicians at AT&T • US government who putting GPS satellites in space

  22. Other Changes

  23. Office productivity software • In 1971 a third of all working women in the US were secretaries • Now most people type their own e-mail and printed correspondence • A recent Huffington Post article suggests that spell checking software is ruining our spelling • Few complain about spreadsheets because it's so hard to do the same work by hand • PowerPoint has made us a nation of boring presenters

  24. Digital divide • A recent NY Times article says that the digital divide has changed • Children whose parents do not have a college degree spend 11.5 hours a day consuming media • A 4:40 increase since 1999! • Children with more educated parents spend 10 hours a day consuming media • Although computer use has increased in underprivileged segments of the population, the increase has almost all been entertainment, not education

  25. Wikipedia • A 2005 Nature article suggested that Wikipedia is more accurate than Encyclopedia Britannica • But student research suffers as they no longer learn how to track down obscure references • Wikipedia has taken criticism for bias in coverage and tone • Male gender bias • US cultural bias • Liberal political bias • Its open model allows for anyone to vandalize • Staff generally reacts quickly to errors and defacement

  26. Arab Spring • Starting in December 2010, a movement in the Middle East has ousted rulers of Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen • There have been massive protests throughout the region, and tensions are still high in Syria • WikiLeaks exposed corruption and human rights abuses • The Arab Social Media Report by the Dubai School of Government confirms that many activities were organized through Facebook and Twitter

  27. Texting • In 2009, one study showed that 286 million Americans (the vast majority of the population) sent 152.7 billion texts per month, averaging 534 each • In 2007, 700 billion texts were sent in China • Half of them were spam • The government monitors texts in China • Europe texts heavily as well • Most plans have unlimited free texting • Finland is famous for its less-interactive society • Finns have a stronger bias to talking on the phone and texting over real-life interactions • Interactive TV shows where you text to play are popular • The Prime Minister of Finland allegedly broke up with his girlfriend over text in 2006

  28. Impacts of texting • Texting allows unprecedented levels of communication • A 2009 study showed that young adults who used “textisms” (lol, brb) in daily writing were worse formal writers • But better informal ones! • Texting reduces focus on life around us • A 2008 head on train collision that killed 25 people was likely due to an engineer texting • A 2009 VA Tech study suggests that texting while driving can increase chances of a crash by a factor of 23

  29. Facebook • Facebook is 8 and a half years old • 900 million users, almost 13% of the world’s population • 50% of users log on every day • The average user has 130 friends • Even with a disappointing IPO, its market capitalization is $61.5 billion • It has become a central part of how many people communicate in the developed world • What are its pros and cons?

  30. Privacy • Facebook can drastically reduce privacy • A study from CareerBuilder.com suggests that 37% of hiring managers search social media • Credit card numbers • Are stolen over the Internet (though cryptography has helped a lot) • 45.6 million credit card numbers were stolen from TJ Maxx • Can be stolen using RFID readers without any interaction from you • Identity theft is on the rise • At least 641,052 taxpayers were affected by identity theft in 2011, more than twice 2010

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