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RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE CLAUSES. Relative (Adjective) Clauses. We use relative clauses to combine two simple sentences in which there are two identical noun phrases.

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RELATIVE CLAUSES

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  1. RELATIVE CLAUSES

  2. Relative (Adjective) Clauses • We use relative clauses to combine two simple sentences in which there are two identical noun phrases. • Sıfat Cümlecikleri, kendinden önce gelen isim/isim öbeği hakkında açıklayıcı/niteleyici bilgi veren bir yan cümle türüdür. ( Defining Relative Clause) • I have a friend who loves penguins. • Penguenleri seven bir arkadaşım var. • Kendinden önce gelen isim/isim öbeği ile ilgili tanımlamada ihtiyaç duyulmayan, ek bilgi verebilir. ( Non-defining Relative Clause) • Paul Auster, who is my favorite writer, lives in New York. • En sevdiğim yazarPaul Auster New York’ta yaşıyor. • Paul Auster, en sevdiğim yazar, New York’ta yaşıyor.

  3. Relative (Adjective) Clauses • Action Verbs in Relative Clauses • I like the girlwho is smelling the roses. • Gülleri koklayan kızdan hoşlanıyorum. • State Verbs in Relative Clauses • I like the girlwho smells nice. • Güzel kokan kızdan hoşlanıyorum. • She killed the birdwhich was eating her plants. (action verb) • (O) Bitkilerini yiyen kuşu öldürdü. • She killed the bird which had a blue tail. (state verb) • (O) Mavi kuyruklu kuşu öldürdü.

  4. Relative (Adjective) Clauses • Object Relative Clause relative pronoun+noun/pronoun+verb • Mary was the woman whoIsaw at the cinema. • Sinemada gördüğüm kadın Mary idi. • She killed the bird whichher parents gave her. • (O) Anne-babasının ona verdiği kuşu öldürdü. • Subject Relative Clause relative pronoun+verb • Mary was the woman whowent to the cinema. • Sinemaya giden kadınMary idi. • She killed the bird whichwas eating her plants. • Bitkilerini yiyen kuşu öldürdü.

  5. Relative Pronouns

  6. Formation of Relative Clauses

  7. Formation of Relative Clauses

  8. Formation of Relative Clauses • Sıfat cümleciğinin tanımladığı isim /isim öbeğine mümkün olduğunca yakın kullanılması tercih edilir. • The building for sale was the house which had a slate roof and was by the stream. • The building for sale was the house by the stream which had a slate roof. 

  9. Formation of Relative Clauses • Sıfat cümleciğine ilgi zamirine ek olarak özne ya da nesne eklenemez. • The man who gave me the book was the librarian. • The man who he gave me the book was the librarian. • Konuşma dilinde kullanılmasına rağmen temel cümleye sıfat cümlesinin yanı sıra bir zamir eklenmesi gereksizdir. • A friend of mine who is a solicitor helped me. • A friend of mine who is a solicitor – she helped me.

  10. Relative Adverbs • Although the entire clause introduced by a relative adverb is adjectival, and functions to modify a noun/pronoun in the main sentence clause; the relative adverb itself modifies a verb within its own clause. • Place (space) WHERE • Time (duration) WHEN • Reason (cause and/or effect) reason + WHY reason + THAT • İlgiZarflarısıfatcümleciğiiçindekifiiliniteleyereknitelediğifiile zarf özelliğikazandıran (zarflaştıran) sözcüklerdir. İlgizarfıyancümleciktekifiilinitelerkensıfatcümleciğibütünolarakönündekiisimyadazamiriniteler. • The office is the place where you waste most of your time. • These are the times when Joan lost her initiative. • That is the reason why Mark refused to come. • I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason that I left.

  11. Prepositions in Relative Clauses • FORMAL • Preposition + Which / Whom/Whose • Whose  Of Which • Edat içeren sıfat cümleciklerinin formal/resmi metinlerinde kullanılması halinde edat ilgi zamirinin önüne getirilir. • The rate at which a material heats up depends on its chemical composition. • In the novel by Peters, on which the film is based, the main character is a teenager. • An actor with whom Gelson had previously worked contacted him about the role. • I now turn to Freud, from whose work the following quotation is taken.

  12. Prepositions in Relative Clauses • Edattan sonra “whom” yerine “who”, “that” ilgi zamiri ya da “gizli ilgi zamiri” kullanılamaz. • Is it right that politicians should make important decisions without consulting to the public to whom they are accountable? • Is it right that politicians should make important decisions without consulting to the public to who they are accountable?  • The valley in which the town lies is heavily polluted. • The valley in that the town lies is heavily polluted. 

  13. Prepositions in Relative Clauses • INFORMAL • Günlük/konuşma dilinde edatın ilgi zamirinin önünde kullanılması yerine sıfat cümleciğinin sonuna getirilmesiyle aşırı resmiyetten kaçınılabilir. • Jim’s musical talent, which he was noted for, had been encouraged by his parents.

  14. Variations in the Use of Non-Defining Clauses: A.Quantifiers with Relative Pronouns Aşağıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü gibi quantifiers( niteleyici sözcükler) sıfat cümleciğini tanımlamak için relative pronoun (ilgi zamiri) ile kullanılabilir.

  15. a)We have two typist.Both of them are quite efficient . b) We have two typist, both of whom are quite efficient. 2. a) The teacher was praised by the director.Most of his students were succesfull in the university entrance examination. b) The teacher , most of whose students were succesful in the university examination, was praised by the director. • a) There are 250 stars in the Milky Way.One of them is our sun. b) There are 250 stars in Milky Way ,one of which is our sun. • a) Space probes send back valuable information.Much of this will require years to analyze. b) Space probes send back valuable information , much of which will require years to analyze.

  16. B. Variations with the Superlative Form 1. a)There are many lakes in Türkiye. The largest of them is Lake Van. b)There arE many lakes in Türkiye , the largest of which is Lake Van. 2. a)Shakespeare wrote many plays. The most famous of them is Hamlet. b)Shakespeare wrote many plays, the most famous of which is Hamlet. 3. a)He has three daugthers. The most beautiful of them is the youngest. b)He has three daughters , the most beautiful of whom is the youngest.

  17. C. Nouns before Relative Pronouns / Possession in Things and Animals Non-defining clauses (tanımlanamayan cümlecikler) sahiplik( iyelik) durumunu göstermek için sık sık kullanılırlar. 1. a)The house will be repaired. The roof of the house has been damaged in the storm. (Ev onarılacak. Evin çatısı fırtınada hasar gördü. b)The house , the roof of which has been damaged in the storm , will be repaired. (Fırtınada çatısı hasar gören ev,tamir edilecek) • a)The agreement will end the long running dispute between the two countries. The details of agreement will be released tomorrow. b)The agreement , the details of which will be released tomorrow, will end the long running dispute between the two countries

  18. D. Using “Which” to Modify a Whole Sentence Bazen relative clause bütün cümleyi tanımlayabilir. Bu durumda relative sözcüğü olarak sadece “which” kullanılır.Relative clause temel cümlenin sonuna eklenir ve bir virgülle ayrılır. • a)She got a rather low grade on the test.That suprised me. (Testten çok düşük not aldı. Bu beni şaşırttı.) b)She got a rather low grade on the test , which suprised me. (Testten çok düşük bir not aldı ki bu da beni şaşırttı.) • a)Ali passed all his exams.This shocked his friends. b)Ali passaed all his exams , which shocked his friends. • a)He blames me for anything.I think this is unfair. b)He blames me for anything , which ithink is unfair.

  19. Whereby,whereupon,wherein gibi where+preposition’dan oluşan yapılar vardır. Whereby = by/through/with which FORMAL:The government is to end the system whereby farmers make more money from leaving land unplanted than from growing wheat. INFORMAL:The goverment is to end the system by/in which farmers make more money from leaving land unplanted than from growing wheat. Whereupon = after which, as a result of which FORMAL: The soldiers were suddenly attacked from behind,whereupon they turned and started firing that direction. INFORMAL:The soldiers were suddenly attacked from behind after which they turned and started firing in that direction. Wherein = in which,during which FORMAL: There was a period of several years wherein the writerwas unable to work at all. INFORMAL:There was a period of several years in which the writer was unable to work at all.

  20. Point,position ve situation kelimeleri sıklıkla where ile kullanılırlar ama stage kelimesi where ya da when ile kullanılabilir. • I have reached a point where I’m about to retire. • In time we reached a stage where/when we had more black readers than white ones. All,everything,nothing gibi zamirlerden ve superlative yapılardan sonra which yerine that tercih edilir. • In a big city, you can find everthing that you need. • This is the best food that ı have ever eaten.

  21. By means of,in the middle of,during, as a result of gibi ilgeç öbekleri relative pronoundan önce kullanılmalıdır. • He made an important discovery, as a result of which he became famous all over the world. • The comittee members held a two-hour meeting, during which they discussed several issues related to the new syllabus. • The device by means of which we can measure the amount of radioactivity is called a Geiger counter. Relative Clauselarda what+few/little yapısı şu şekilde kullanılır : • The few friends that he had deserted him >> What few friends he had deserted him. • The little money that he had was stolen >> What little money he had was stolen.

  22. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE(Belirtisiz Sıfat Tamlaması) Bu tip relative clause hangi sorusuna cümle olarak cevap verir. Peşinden geldiği ismi tanımlar. Bu cümlelere ‘tanımlayan ilgi cümlecikleri’denir.

  23. Bu cümlecik olmadığı zaman cümleyi söyleyenin kastettiği kişi/şey anlaşılmaz, cümle yarım olur. Bu haliyle relative clause içinde bulunduğu ana cümlenin vazgeçilmez bir unsurudur. Bundan dolayı virgül içinde söylenmez. Relative clause ana cümle içerisindeki niteleyeceği ismin hemen peşinden gelir ve ondan ( relative clause) sonra ana cümlenin devamı gelir.

  24. The people who/that own that house are away on holiday.(özne durumunda+insanlar için) • He was exactly the person (whom/who/that) I want to see.(nesne konumunda + insanlar için) • The assignment (that/which) the professor gave me was easy.(nesneler/şeyler için)Profesörün bana verdiği ödev kolaydı. Biz sadece The assignment was easy. = Ödev kolaydı.dersek, cümle net olmaz. Çünkü bizi dinleyen kişi(ler), ‘hangi ödev?’ diye bir soru sorma ihtiyacı duyarlar. Ancak The assignment (that/which) the professor gave me was easy. = Profesörün bana verdiği ödev kolaydı. dediğimizde cümle, karşı taraf için net hale gelmiş demektir ve ‘hangi ödev?’ diye bir soru sorulmasına gerek kalmaz.

  25. That’s the office where my brother works. (yer bildiren ifadeler için) in which which my brother works in • The Renaissance Period when we saw some innovations witnessed many important events. in which (zaman bildiren ifadeler için) (which/that) we some innovations in • They are repairing the house whose roof was damaged during the storm. (aitlik bildiren ifadeler için) the roof of which was damaged during the storm

  26. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE(Belirtili Sıfat Tamlaması) Zaten tanımlanmış, bilinen bir ismi niteleyen cümleye non-defining relative clause denir. Bu tip cümleler hangi sorusunun cevabını vermez. Bunlar niteledikleri ismi belirtme vazifesi de yapmazlar. Zaten isim bellidir, relative clause ‘ların üstlendikleri görev sadece belirli olan ismi biraz daha açıklamak ve daha fazla bilgi vermektir. Non -defining relative clause cümleden çıkarılsa bile cümlenin manası bozulmaz, sadece ek bilgi edinememiş oluruz. Bu yüzden non-defining relative clause, eğer cümlelerin arasına giriyorsa iki virgülle, cümlenin sonunda yer alıyorsa bir virgülle temel cümleden ayrılır. • Mr.Smith, who works at the same company as me, is very fond of children. • I can rely on Mr.Smith, who Works at the same company as me.

  27. Şimdi tanımlayan ve tanımlamayan ilgi cümlecikleri arasındaki farkı iki örnekle daha iyi anlamaya çalışalım: • 1. They congratulated Ernest Hemingway, who had just won the Nobel Prize. • 2. They congratulated the writer who had just won the Nobel Prize. Birinci cümle, ‘tanımlamayan’ olarak kurulmuştur. Çünkü cümlede sözü geçen kişi Ernest Hemingway’dir. Kendisi tanınan biri olduğundan, ayrıca onu tanımlamaya gerek yoktur. Virgülden sonraki kısım, yalnızca ek bir bilgi vermektedir. Eğer bu cümle ‘tanımlayan’ olarak kurulsaydı, sanki birden fazla Ernest Hemingway varmış da, biz Nobel Ödülü alan Ernest Hemingway’den söz ediyormuşuz gibi bir anlam çıkardı. İkinci cümle, ‘tanımlayan’ olarak kurulmuştur. Çünkü cümlede sözü edilen yazarın kim olduğu belli değildir. Çıkan anlam şudur: Birden fazla yazar var ama onlar, bu yazarlar içinden Nobel Ödülü alan yazarı kutladılar. Ayrıca bu cümlenin virgülsüz olduğuna da dikkat ediniz.

  28. The student who don't want to listen to the teacher are making a lot of noise. (Öğretmeni dinlemek istemeyen öğrenciler çok gürültü yapıyor.)Bu cümlede anlaşılan şudur ki: öğrencilerin bazıları öğretmeni dinlemek istemiyorlardır. Fakat öğretmeni dinlemek isteyen de vardır. burada defining relative clause tarafından nitelenen öğrenciler gürültü yapmaktadır. Diğerleri ise gürültü yapmamaktadır. • The student, who don't want to listen to the teacher, are making a lot of noise. (Öğrenciler ki öğretmeni dinlemek istemiyorlar, çok gürültü yapıyorlar.) Bu cümlede anlaşılan; bütün öğrenciler öğretmeni dinlemek istememektedir ve istisnasız hepsi gürültü yapmaktadır.

  29. Non-defining relative clause ile that hiçbir durumdakullanılmaz.

  30. Non-defining relative clause kullanabileceğimiz isimleri şu şekilde gruplandırabiliriz: a)Proper nouns(özel isimler) • The person who lives above us is engineer.(defining) Mr.Smith, who lives above us, is engineer(non-defining) • A country which is surrounded by the sea is usually a tourist attraction.(defining) Turkey, which is surrounded by the sea on three sides, is of strategic importance.(non-defining)

  31. b)Nouns with preceding modifiers(başka niteleme sözcükleriyle tanımlanmış isimler) • A mother who is very permissive with her children doesn’t necessarily make her a good mother.(defining) My mother, who lives in German now, was moderatly permissive with us.(non-defining) • Any bus which comes here already full doesn’t stop at this bus stop.(defining) This bus, which usually comes here already full, goes directly to Kadiköy.(non-defining) Bir isim kendinden sonra gelen bazı sözcüklerle de tanımlanmış olabilir. • The man who was working at the shop was friendly.(defining) The man at the shop, who gave my son a sweet, was friendly.(non-defining) • The table which is in the kitchen needs repairing.(defining) The table in the kitchen, which we usually have our breakfast on, needs repairing.(non-defining)

  32. c)Coal, rice, milk, flower, gibi isimler genel anlamda kullanıldığı zaman, zaten herkesçe bilinen isimler olduğu için, non-defining relative clause alır. • Flowers, which almost everybody likes, need special care to grow.(general- non-defining) The flowers which are sold at that florist’s are usually fresh.(specific- defining) • Milk, which is essential for people of all ages, should be boiled well.(general- non-defining) The milk which we get from that dairy is really delicious.(specific- defining)

  33. Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece which kullanabiliriz. • My father lives in Germany. He is over sixty now. My father, who is over sixty now, lives in Germany. • Our television set has become erratic.It was bought eight years ago. Our television set, which was bought eight years ago, has become erratic. Eğer isim, bir prepositions’ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition relative clause’un sonunda yer alırsa who ya da whom, başında yer alırsa sadece whom kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine which kullanılır. Mr.Smith is an honest person.I’ve been working with him for five years. Mr.Smith, whom I’ve been working with for five years, is honest person. , who I’ve been working with for five years, is honest person. , with whom I’ve been working for five years, is an honest person. My car is beginning to cause trouble.I had saved up for it for two years. My car, which I had saved up for for five years, is beginning to cause trouble. , for which I had saved up for two years,

  34. Aitlik bildiren bütün isimler için whose ya da of which kullanırız.Ancak cansız varlıklar için of which kullanımı pek yaygın değildir. • Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink. Their house, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money. ,the exterior of which they painted pink, Possesive durumundaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition’ı whose’un önünde ya da relative clause’un sonunda kullanabiliriz. • Uludağ is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow on its top. Uludağ, whose top you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort. , on whose top you can always see snow, , on the top of which you can always see snow,

  35. Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause ‘larda da where kullanabiliriz. • Istanbul has many problems to solve.More ten million people live there.(in Istanbul) Istanbul, where more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve. , which more than ten million people live in, ,in which more than ten million people live, Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayız. Sadece which kullanabiliriz. • Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is my hometown.(It – Subject) Salihli, which is my hometown, is located in the west of Turkey. Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I like it very much.(It – Object) Salihli, which I like very much, is located in the west of Turkey.

  36. Non-defining relative clause’larda, zaman ifade eden sözcükler için when ya da preposition + which kullanabiliriz. • One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October,1923.The Republic was founded then.(on that date) One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October,1923, when/on which the Republic was founded. • My favourite season is spring.Nature awakens with all its lively colours then.(in spring) My favourite season is spring, when/in which nature awakens with all its lively colours. Süreç bildiren bir zaman zarfını tanımlayan relative clause’larda preposition + which time kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde preposition + which time yerine when kullanamayız. • The guests arrived at 7 p.m. I had finished all the preparations by then. The guests arrived at 7 p.m. ,by which time I had finished all the preparations.

  37. Relative Clause,Noun Clause ve Adverbial Clause Relative Clause’larda kullandığımız that,which,who,when,where gibi sözcükleri noun clause ve adverb clause ile de kullanabiliriz. Relative Clause = I don’t know the citywhere he lives. (noun)(relative clause) Noun Clause = I don’t knowwhere he lives. (verb) (noun clause)

  38. They got married on a day when I was abroad. Relative Clause • (Benim yurtdışında olduğum bir gün evlendiler.) • They got married when I was abroad. Adverbial Clause • (Ben yurtdışındayken evlendiler.) • I don’t remember when they got married.Noun Clause • (Ne zaman evlendiklerini hatırlamıyorum.) • I want to know the students who are coming with us.Relative Clause • (Bizimle gelecek öğrencileri öğrenmek istiyorum.) • I want to know who are coming with us.Noun Clause • (Bizimle kimlerin geleceğini öğrenmek istiyorum.)

  39. ‘’What’ bir isimden sonra gelmez.Genellikle bir fiilden sonra gelir ya da özne durumundaki bir noun clause’un başında bulunur. • I don’t know what he bought. • (Ne aldığını bilmiyorum.) NOUN CLAUSE • I don’t know the thing that he bought. • (Aldığı şeyi bilmiyorum.) RELATIVE CLAUSE • What he said wasn’t so important. • (Ne dediği o kadar önemli değildi.) NOUN CLAUSE • The thing that he said wasn’t so important. • (Söylediği şey o kadar önemli değildi.) RELATIVE CLAUSE

  40. CLEFT SENTENCES Cleft sentence’lar cümlenin belirli bir bölümüne odaklanmamıza yardımcı olmak veya söylemek istediğimiz şeyi vurgulamak amacıyla kullanılırlar. ‘’Serpil sends Ahmet a letter on sundays.’’ • Cümlede ‘’a letter’’ kelimesini vurgulamak istiyorsak : It is a letter which Serpil sends Ahmet on sundays. • Cümlede Serpil’i vurgulamak için : It is Serpil who sends a letter to Ahmet on sundays. • Cümlede Ahmet’i vurgulamak için : It is Ahmet to whom Serpil sends a letter on sundays. • Cümlede günü vurgulamak için : It is on sundays when Serpil sends Ahmet a letter.

  41. Kişileri ya da nesneleri daha specific hale getirmek istersek cümleyi ‘’the person who’’,’’the thing that’’ gibi kalıplarla da yazabiliriz. • The thing that is important than anything else is your health. Vurgu cümlelerinde sebep,yer ya da zaman vurgulanmak isteniyorsa ‘’the reason why,the place where,the day when’’ gibi kalıplar kullanılabilir. • The reason why I have come is to discuss your decision about us. • (Buraya gelmemin sebebi bizimle ilgili kararını tartışmak.) • The place where she hides her children is too far way from city. • (Çocuklarını sakladığı yer şehirden çok uzak.)

  42. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES (SIFAT CÜMLECİKLERİNİN KISALTILMASI)

  43. Reduction of Relative Clause;

  44. Kısaltma yaparken cümleden ilgi zamiri(relative pronoun) atılır ve sıfat cümleciğinin yüklemi, sıfat cümleciğinin pasif-aktif olmasına, zamanına veya türüne göre yeniden düzenlenir. ♪ The money was stolen from the bank has been recovered. which ♪ The money stolen from the bank has been recovered.

  45. Ancak bu kısaltmaları yapabilmek için ; Kısaltma yapacağımız cümledeki ilgi zamirlerinin “who,which ya da that” olması gerekir! which who that

  46. Çünkü, eğer kısaltma yapılacak olan cümle belirtili sıfat cümleciğiyse, o zaman kısaltma, cümledeki ilgi zamiri nesne durumundaysa da yapılabilir. Cümle belirtisiz sıfat tamlaması (defining) konumundayken; ♪ The boy who is running towards us is my son. (Kısaltma yapılabilir. Cümle belirtisiz sıfat tamlaması konumunda ve ilgi zamiri özne konumunda) ♪ The boy who you met yesterday is my son. (Kısaltma yapılamaz. Çünkü cümle belirtisiz sıfat tamlaması konumundayken ilgi zamiri nesne konumunda)

  47. Cümle Belirtili sıfat tamlaması ( non-defining) Konumundaysa; • The boy, who you met yesterday is my son. (Burda kısaltma yapabiliriz. Çünkü ilgi zamiri nesne konumunda olsa da, cümle belirtili sıfat tamlaması konumunda.)

  48. Bir sıfat cümleciğini (relative clause) şu şekillerde kısaltabiliriz:

  49. resent articiple (V+İNG) İLE…

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