5 GAS DIAGNOSTICS What Goes In Must Be Consumed , If Not It Comes Out !

1. 5 GAS DIAGNOSTICSWhat Goes InMust Be Consumed,If Not It Comes Out! Steve Zack

2. Agenda • The Theory of 5 Gas • Diagnostics with a 5 Gas Analyzer

3. The Theory Of 5 Gas

4. The Theory of 5 Gas • Air Contains 77% to 78% Nitrogen, N2 • N2, 2 Elements ofN • N2 Absorbs Heat • In the Atmosphere • In the Combustion Chamber • N2 Separates Under Pressure and Temperature

5. Nitrogen -N2 N N

6. The Theory of 5 Gas • Remaining Air Contains 21% Oxygen, O2 • O2,2 Elements of O • O2 is an Oxidizer • Remaining Portions of Air • Argon, Ar • Helium, He • Hydrocarbons, HC • Etc.

7. Oxygen - O2 O O

8. The Theory of 5 Gas • Intake Valve Opens Exposing Low Pressure • Injector Sprays Atomized HC • HC, Gasoline • 1 Element ofH - Hydrogen • 1 Element of C - Carbon • 14.7 Psi Pushes Air and Fuel in

9. Gasoline - HC H C Atomized Liquid The Hexane Value Gas Analyzers Measure GASOLINE FORMULA: 27% AROMATIC (BENZENE C6H6), 12% OLEFINS (CnH2n), 1% BENZENE (C6H6), 305PPM SULFUR (S), 11% MTBE (METHYL TERTIARYBUTYL ETHER), 2% OXYGEN (O)

10. O O N N H O O C O O O O H C

11. The Theory of 5 Gas • Piston Rises in Compression Stroke, Pressure Builds • The Compounds Will Rub Together • This Causes Friction of the Elements • Friction Causes Heat

12. The Theory of 5 Gas • Heat Absorbed by the Elements • O2 AbsorbsHeat Separates to Oand O • HC Absorbs Heat Separates to H and C • O2and HC Now Vapor

13. O O C H Pressure and Heat Now Vapor

14. The Theory of 5 Gas • Piston Continues to Rise • Friction Causes 2300 F • Pressure has Increased • N2 Will Absorb Heat at 2300 F • N2 Will Separate to N and N, Now Vapor

15. N N Extreme Heat and Pressure Now Vapor

16. N O O N O H C O O O C H O O

17. The Theory of 5 Gas • The Spark Plug Ignites, Pressure Increase • Voltage is Pressure • The O Elements Will Oxidize with N, C, and H • 2OElements to 1C Element= CO2 • 1O Element to 2H Elements= H2O • XO Elements to1NElement =NOx • Oxidation,O Elements Attaching to Other Elements

18. The Theory of 5 Gas Sparks • Oxidation Createsas the Elements Collide • All the Combined Appear as • Oxidation Creates Energy Through Heat • The Heat Energy Forces the Piston Down Sparks Fire

19. H H O N N O H O H O O C O C O O

20. N O H O O H O C C O O O O N

21. The Theory of 5 Gas • As Combustion Occurs a Good Running Engine Produces • H2O - 2 H - Hydrogen Elements and 1 O - Oxygen Element • CO2- 1 C - Carbon Element and2 O - Oxygen Elements

22. A Product of Combustion O H H Water -H20

23. A Product of Combustion O C O CarbonDioxide- CO2 Displaces N2 in Atmosphere

24. The Theory of 5 Gas • As Result of Driving Conditions Most Engines Will Produce • H2O • HC -1 H - Hydrogen Element and 1 C - Carbon Element • CO - 1 C - Carbon Elementand1 O - Oxygen Element • O2 - 2 O - Oxygen Elements • CO2 • NOx - 1 N - Nitrogen Element and Unknown O - Oxygen Elements

25. The Theory of 5 Gas • The Catalytic Converter Will Oxidize and Reduce • HC to H2O and CO2 • CO to H20 and CO2 • NOx toCO2 and H2OandN2

26. O O O O O2 SENSOR READS LEAN, PCM COMMANDS RICH, INCREASING CO 200mv SWITCH <100ms

27. N H N O C H C O CO CAUSE THE CATALYST TEMPERATURE TO RISE O C

28. H H N HIGH CATALYST TEMPERATURE CAUSES ELEMENTS TO SEPARATE C N O O C C O

29. N H N O2 FROM CERAMIC SUBSTRATE COMES OUT H C O O O O C O O C O

30. O H C O O H OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OCCURS C O N N O C O SO2, SULFUR DIOXIDE, ROTTEN EGG ODOR O O S O

31. O2 SENSOR READS RICH , PCM COMMANDS LEAN, REPLENISHING CATALYTIC CONVERTOR WITH O2 800mv SWITCH <100ms

32. Diagnosing 5 Gas

33. Unburned Gasoline - HC H C Hydrocarbons - HC Toxicant

34. Causes Rich Contaminated Crankcase Lean Secondary Ignition Spark Plugs Plug Wires Cap & Rotor Primary Ignition Coil Low Primary Current Base Timing Causes Preignition Charging System EGR Cooling System Engine Problems Valves Rings Cam Timing Carbon Intake Valve Throat Diagnosing 5 Gas - HC

35. A Byproduct of Combustion C O Carbon Monoxide- CO Colorless, Odorless, Toxicant

36. Diagnosing 5 Gas - CO • Causes • Rich • MAP or MAF • TPS • IAC Closed • Injector Spray • Air Cleaner • Evaporative Purge System • Contaminated Oil • Charging System • Engine Problems • Cam Timing • Base Timing • Retarded

37. Unburned Oxygen - O2 O O Oxygen - O2

38. Diagnosing 5 Gas - O2 • Causes • Lean • IAC Open • Vacuum Leak • Injector Spray • Fuel Volume • Secondary Ignition • Primary Ignition • Base Timing • Preignition • Charging System • Cooling System • Engine Problems • Exhaust Valve • Carbon • Exhaust Leak • Dilution

39. A Product of Combustion O N O N + = NOx O Colorless, Odorless, Toxicant Nitrogen Oxide Brown Color, Toxicant Nitrogen Dioxide NO +NO2 =NOx NOx Oxides of Nitrogen

40. Diagnosing 5 Gas -NOx • Causes • Lean • Base Timing • Advanced • Preignition • EGR • EGR Flow • Cooling System • Pump Vanes • Thermostat • Fan & Fan Belts • Coolant Level & Quality • Jacket Corrosion • Cam Timing • Exhaust Valve • Carbon • Cylinder & Piston

41. Summary

42. Summary Fuel, OBD • NOxHC CO O2CO2 • Rich L H HL L • Contaminated Oil L H H L L • Lean H H L HL • Secondary Ignition LH LH L • Primary Ignition LH L H L • Base Timing H H L HL • Preignition H H LHL • Charging System L H H H L • EGR H HL L L • Cooling System H H L H L • Engine Problems L H H H L • Cam Timing H H HL L • Exhaust Valve H HL H L • Carbon H HL HL • Exhaust Leak L L L H L • Test at 1000 RPM, Engine at Operating Temperature, H - High, L - Low Ignition OBD Mechanical

43. Summary • NOx < 150 PPM to 300 PPM Max • HC < 100 PPM Max • CO< 0.5 % Max • O2 < 0.5 % Max • CO2 > 12 % to 15 % Min • Test at 1000 RPM, Engine at Operating Temperature • Testing After the Catalytic Converter

44. 14.7:1 Stoichiometric 15% 14% 13% 12% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 600 PPM 500 PPM 400 PPM 300 PPM 200 PPM 100 PPM 0 PPM NOx HC O2 CO2 CO 10:1 14.3:1 15.1:1 18:1 RICH O2 PCM Input O2 PCM Input LEAN 600mv O2 300mv O2 PCM Command PCM Command Low IPW High IPW