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China. Mr. Giesler Global History. Satellite View of China. Provinces of China. Political Map of China . China vs. United States. Small Group Activity Refer to your notes packet Identify the following:. Land Features: Altai Mts. Gobi Desert Tibetan Plateau Himalayan Mts.
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China Mr. Giesler Global History
Small Group Activity • Refer to your notes packet • Identify the following: Land Features: Altai Mts. Gobi Desert Tibetan Plateau Himalayan Mts. Greater Khingan Kunlun Shan Countries: Russia Tibet South Korea Japan Taiwan Mongolia Indian Sub-Continent Southeast Asia Cities: Beijing Nanjing Harbin Guangzhou Taipei Xi’an Lhasa Hong Kong Macao Bodies of Water: Amur River Sea of Japan Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean Huang-He River Xi River Yangtze River South China Sea
Russia Mongolia N. Korea Japan S> Korea Tibet Indian Subcontinent Taiwan Southeast Asia
Cities of China Harbin BEIJING Nanjing Shanghai Lhasa Xi’an Taipei Guangzhou HongKong Macao
Bodies of Water Amur River Sea of Japan Yellow Sea Huang-He River Yangtze River Xi River Pacific Ocean SouthChinaSea
Mountains & Peaks Altai Mts. Greater Khingan Tian Shan Kunlun Shan Himalayan Mts.
“Brown” China vs. “Green” China Wheat Dominant Pasture and Oasis Rice Dominant Double-crop rice
Early Civilizations, Dynasties, and Rulers of China • Yu and Xia Rulers: approx 2000 B.C., however, little exists to confirm their existence. Thus, little is known about these rulers/dynasties TTYN: What is ancestor worshiping? • Ancestor Worshiping • Offering of respect, food, and wine to their ancestors • Invite ancestors to a family feast, hopefully this would bring the family good luck • Traditions still exists today – a primary reason why having children is so important in China – to have someone look after you after you die, to look after your spirit
Shang Dynasty • The first Chinese Dynasty • The Shang, arose around 1766 B.C. and lasted until 1122 B.C. • The dynasty was organized by clans. • Most members of Shang society were peasants who led grueling lives working the fields. • The cities supported artisans skilled in bronze work. • The Shang dynasty ended in 1122 B.C. in a rebellion led by two Zhou warriors
Shang Dynasty • The first ‘real’dynasty of China, but not the first Empire of China • Typical gov’t during this era • Cities with palaces, temples, and royal burial sites • Well-organized armies of nobles, peasants, and slaves • Shang rules supervised irrigation and flood control projects. • Controlling these project benefited the people and strengthened the rulers
Religion • Believed that heaven was the home of many gods • If god was pleased he sent good harvests…if not…the floods came • The kin was the link b/t heaven and earth • Ancestral worshipping • Oracles – a person or agency that communicates with the gods. • Use of the oracle bone – interpret the cracks in the bones after heating to interpret the message(s) from God.
Other Developments and Facts • Agriculture continued and developed • Metalwork was popularized • Feudal Society • Components of a Feudal Society • King • Vassals • Professional Priests • During the Shang (1300 B.C.) – first clear evidence of writings • Warfare was commonplace against external barbarians • Achievements • Writing system using pictographs and ideographs (symbols)
Zhou Dynasty • The Shang dynasty ended in 1122 B.C. in a rebellion led by two Zhou warriors. • The Zhou claimed a divine right to rule, calling it the Mandate of Heaven. • Chinese argued that the dynastic cycle reflected heaven’s judgment of good and bad governments. • Under the Zhou dynasty, China became a feudal state. • Under the Zhou, the first books were made; One them, The Book of Songs, depicted both farm and royal life in poetry and song. • Zhou Dynasty (1027 BC); pronounced Joe • Zhou overthrows the Shang assumes Mandate of Heaven
Philosophies of the Zhou Dynasty • Mandate of Heaven • Emperor’s were only allowed to stay on the throne as long as they were doing a good job ruling the people, as long as the heavens believed they were doing a good job The Mandate of Heaven is based on four principles: • The right to rule is granted by Heaven. • There is only one Heaven therefore there can be only one ruler. • The right to rule is based on the virtue of the ruler. • The right to rule is not limited to one dynasty.
Examples of the ways these principles converted into action and justification: • It gives the ruler prestige and religious importance. • It gives the ruler supreme power. • It allows a new ruler to gain power quickly if the people believe he has the 'Mandate of Heaven'. • A ruler's power must be kept in check by virtue. • The Mandate of Heaven justifies rebellion as long as the rebellion is successful. • Achievement During the Zhou • Ironworking popularized
Confucianism …Review (refer to our unit on Beliefs Systems for additional information) • Believed in a hierarchy in society (class structure), people were born into a specific class and stayed there, stressed the leaders should set a good example and the people will follow • Confucius – 550 B.C. • Challenge the rich and powerful to change their evil ways • Championed peace and justice • Came to prominence during the Feudal Wars • Born out of wedlock (concubine) • Believed that if people are educated the distinctions b/t class will disappear • Education was the meaning of life • People become better through education
Confucianism …Review • Created a school – included all classes • “Become Superior Men” In other words, aristocracy of noble character not noble birth • One of his many decree’s – men and women walk on opposite sides of the street • Welfare State?? The state should take care of the elderly and children • Theory of society should be based upon the people
Confucianism …Review • Confucius’s goal: to save China • His radical ideas makes him dangerous • Evaded several assassination attempts • “An oppressive gov’t is much worse than a man-eating tiger” • Influenza Theory of Virtue – first you get the rulers than the people will follow
The First Emperor and the Qin Dynasty • Ended feudalism, unified China using a harsh system called Legalism to impose order. • Standardized weights and measures • Produced Qin coins • Built roads • One of Shi Huangdi’s greatest accomplishments was to link existing feudal walls into the Great Wall.
The First Emperor and the Qin Dynasty • Reforms and Changes to China • Edicts or decrees come from heaven • Simplified the Chinese language • Language the same as today • Essential Question: How does this change help historians, archivists, and archeologists interpret the development of China • Primary reason for a unified language was to promote laws
The First Emperor and the Qin Dynasty • Reforms, Innovations, and Changes to China • Weights and Measure system • Built a road system • New irrigation system • Codified the monetary system • His (Qin) law was the only law • Outlawed other philosophies such as Confucianism and Daoism • Burned the books of these philosophies which promoted freedom of thought • Executed those Intellectuals) who continued to promote their philosophies
The First Emperor and the Qin Dynasty • Quirks and Accomplishments of the First Emperor • Feared invasion from his enemies • Built the Great Wall • 1400 miles long (by way of the crow) or total 3000 miles • 300K plus slave labor, estimates of a total 700K worked on the wall • Only manmade object that can be seen from the surface of the moon
The First Emperor and the Qin Dynasty • Quirks of the First Emperor • Believed in immortality • His quest for immortality would actually be the cause of his death – mercury poisoning • His Tomb • Built because of his obsession with immortality • The Terracotta Army – Army their to protect him from the armies he defeated during his reign • Qin’s tomb discovered by farmers looking for a new water well in 1974
Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty – 221 and 206 BC… • Achievements and Acts of the First Empire: • Supported by Legalism • China (or what we now of as China) is born • Abolished the old Feudal system • Ruled by an emperor (one leader) and a strong central gov’t, • The First Emperor took the name Shi Huangdi or First Emperor
Legalism • When the Chin gained imperial power after decades of civil war, they adopted the ideas of the Legalists as their political theory. • In practice, under legalists (Chin dynasty 221-207) involved a uniform totalitarianism. • People were conscripted to labor for long periods of time on state projects, such as irrigation projects or the series of defensive walls in northern China which we know as the Great Wall • All disagreement with the government was made a capital crime • All alternative ways of thinking, which the Legalists saw as encouraging the natural fractiousness of humanity, were banned.
Why did Legalism fail? • The policies eventually led to the downfall of the dynasty itself after only fourteen years in power. • Local peoples began to revolt and the government did nothing about it, for local officials feared to bring these revolts to the attention of the authorities since the reports themselves might be construed as a criticism of the government and so result in their executions. • The emperor's court did not discover these revolts until it was far too late, and the Ch'in and the policies they pursued were discredited for the rest of Chinese history.
Buddhism…Review • Historians estimate that the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, lived from 566 to 480 B.C. • Gautama wandered into the world in search of understanding. • After encountering an old man, an ill man, a corpse and an ascetic, Gautama was convinced that suffering lay at the end of all existence. • He renounced his princely title and became a monk • Deprived himself of worldly possessions in the hope of comprehending the truth of the world around him. • The culmination of his search came while meditating beneath a tree, where he finally understood how to be free from suffering, and ultimately, to achieve salvation.
Buddhism…Review • Following this epiphany, Gautama was known as the Buddha, meaning the "Enlightened One." • Buddha spent the remainder of his life journeying about India, teaching others what he had come to understand. • The Four Noble Truths • Karma
The fall of the Qin Dynasty and the Rise of the Han • With the death of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C., the Qin dynasty ended. Emperor GaoZu rose to power and the Han dynasty began. • The most famous Han emperor, Wudi, strengthened government and the economy. • improved canals and roads and imposed a monopoly on iron and salt. • Eased Legalist polices and lowered taxes • Emperor GaoZu appointed Confucian scholars as advisers.
