Sentences, Phrases and Clauses…

1. Sentences, Phrases and Clauses… OH MY!!!!

2. Sentences • Simple or complex, long or short, every sentence is composed of words, phrases and clauses. You may mix and mingle to your hearts delight. • Seven types of words • Two Types of Clauses • 5 Types of Phrases

3. WORDS – A.K.A Parts of Speech • Article • Noun • Pronoun • Verb • Adjective • Adverb • Preposition • Conjunction • Interjection

4. Clauses • Clauses are, essentially, chunks of a sentence between punctuation or conjunctions. • There are two kinds • Independent • Dependent

5. Independent Clauses • Put simply, independent clauses can stand as sentences on their own. • Includes a subject and predicate and begins with a noun or an article. • I went to Africa, but I saw no tigers. • I asked Mr. Parks about it, and he laughed at me.

6. Dependent Clauses • Simply put, dependent clauses are incomplete sentences on their own. • May be missing subject or verb or they may begin with a subordinate conjunction. • I went to Africa but saw no tigers. • Because I was confused, I asked Mr. Parks about it.

7. SENTENCES • Two basic clauses can construct four basic sentence types • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

8. Simple SentenceOne independent clause • May be as simple as a subject and predicate • Lions pounce. Tigers run. Bears ramble. • May include objects (direct or indirect) • Lions pounce on mice. Tigers chase butterflies. Bears dance with bees. • May include a prepositional phrase. • Lions leap from rocks. Tigers stalk through the grass. Bears wade in the river.

9. Compound SentenceTwo or More independent clauses • Join clauses with comma & conjunction.. • I went to Africa, and I saw a pride of lions. • … or a semicolon! • I told Mr. Parks about it; he was surprised I didn’t try to pet them.

10. Complex SentenceONE independent clause with at least one dependent clause. • Join clauses with conjunctions …. • The lioness was able to protect her cub because she was fierce. • …Or with commas. • Although she was fierce, the lioness cared for the cub tenderly.

11. Compound-Complex Sentences>2 independent + 1 dependent • Use conjunctions, commas and Semi-colons to join phrases. • If you want to see lions, you must go to Africa, and you must be very brave. • Because I told Mr. Parks I was going to Africa, and I wanted to see tigers; he laughed at me.

12. You Practice!!!! • Write a paragraph about your favorite wild animal using the template provided. • Share with a neighbor • Share with the class

13. Phrases • A group of words that acts like a single part of speech • Will never have subject or predicate • Adds details to basic sentence

14. Types of Phrases~ Adds detail to your sentence • Prepositional • Position or relationship • Appositive • Renames/describes noun • Gerund • Behaves like a noun • Participial • Acts like an adjective • Absolute • Clause with the “Be” verb removed

15. Prepositional Phrases~Show position or relationship • Add detail and description to nouns • Around a shadowy corner in a dark forest lay the den of the golden bear. • Add detail and description to verbs • The bear stood silently outside the den with her cubs beside her. • Construct a simile • The cubs were as plump as pumpkins.

16. Appositive Phrases~renames or describes a noun • Add detail to a noun, could be used in place of the noun • Most often surrounded by commas to show they are “extra” • Min Chi, a Panda from China, was the star attraction at the zoo. • Can be used to construct metaphors • The Panda bear, a fluffy black and white clown, waved to the crowd.

17. Gerund Phrases~Behaves like a noun • Act Like Nouns (things) and may serve as subjects of sentence… • Hanging in the trees is the Koala’s favorite activity. • …Or as the object of verb • Koalas hate walking on the ground. • …or as the object of the preposition • Koalas are not really interested in making friends with wombats. • Always start in a verb ending in “ing”. Formed from verbs but don’t act like verbs.

18. Participial Phrases~Acts like an Adjective • Look like gerunds but describe nouns rather than act like them… • Exhausted from catching salmon, the Grizzly took a nap. • Can be past tense… • Curled in a ball, he snored happily. • …Or present tense • The sound, echoing off the cave walls, startled the hiker.

19. Absolute Phrase~Clause with the “Be Verb” removed • Embeds a full thought into a phrase that is almost a clause • A way to be more concise • His expression expectant, the bear waited for dinner to pass by. • Well used in triads. • The bear, his paws folded together, his nose scenting the air, his ears perked up, meditated in the pasture,

20. Put them in a “Big Awesome Sentence” In the wilderness, the wily wombat, a furry fellow unfortunately named Poindexter, wobbled weirdly toward the billabong as the monsoon zoomed through the pale Australian sky, the winds whipping the waves, the rain streaming down upon the parched land like confetti, the light fading into an ominous darkness.

21. Let’s Practice!! • Using the “Cool Sentence” instructions – create several “Big Awesome Sentences” • Create one B.A.S that will be the hook for your Nat Geo Article.