Birth of the American Republic

Birth of the American Republic VAGLIO

I. Arguments for declaring Independence • French and Indian War – • Denial of Property ( natural Rights – Locke) • Breaking of Salutary Neglect ( Beginning of Taxing) • BRITISH ARGUMENT • Taxing is their right – need to because of debt – they provided protection for colonies • Colonists moving west would cause another war

II. Events leading to the Independence Revolution • 1763 – passage of the Sugar Act – tax on sugar – was an indirect tax • 1765 – passage of the Stamp Act – tax on paper products, glass, etc (Direct Tax) • Stamp Act Congress – boycott • Sons of Liberty – Sam Adams

Tar and Feathering

Repeal Stamp Act – 1766 • Declaratory Acts – Parliament has the power to tax any of her colonies • Townshend Acts – tax on Tea, paper, glass, lead, etc • Quartering Act – called for British soldiers to be house and fed in colonial home during a time of peace

March 5th 1770 – Boston Massacre • Crispus Attucks first person killed in the American Revolution • Townshend Acts – cancelled

The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)

Tea Act (1773) • British East India Co.: • Monopoly on Br. tea imports. • Many members of Parl. held shares. • Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols. without col. middlemen (cheaper tea!) • North expected the cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.

Boston Tea Party (1775)

The Coercive or IntolerableActs (1774) 1. Port Bill 2. Government Act 3. New Quartering Act Lord North 4. Administration of Justice Act

First Continental Congress (1774) 55 delegates from 12 colonies Agenda How to respond to the Coercive Acts & the Quebec Act? 1 vote per colony represented.

1st Continental Congress • Declaration of Rights & Grievances • An attempt by the colonists to share with the king their grievances and ask for a return to SALUTARY NEGLECT • Property • No taxation without representation

The Second Continental Congress(1775) Olive Branch Petition

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Declaration of Independence

Independence Hall

New National Symbols

Results of War • Treaty of Paris 1781 – treaty that brought a close to the revolutionary war – basically granted the 13 colonies FREEDOM • Articles of Confederation • First governing document of the Unites States of America – (1780 – 1787)

STRENGTHS Could handle foreign policy Unicameral legislature WEAKNESSES No Executive No Judicial LEGISLATIVE 9/13 to make laws 13/13 – for Amendments No Taxing No Standing Army Decentralized Gov’t STATE LAWS SPREME Articles of Confederation

SHAY’S REBELLION • Happened in Massachusetts – Daniel Shay led a rebellion in Mass. – concerning the issue of taxes – State of Mass. – passes taxes on lower class of citizens (farmers) to pay for the debt acquired in the REVOLUTION – • Shay Situation – pay taxes or pay mortgage (lose/ lose situation)

Constitutional Convention • May 1787 – meeting by the 13 colonies was called – to discuss the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation • Called for a complete revamp • GW presided over the meeting • 12 states were present – 55 delegates • 1 voter per state • Simple majority (7/12)

Goals of Pre-Amble • 1. Form a more perfect union ( strong central government) • 2. Ensure Domestic Tranquility ( Executive Branch) • 3. Establish Justice ( judicial Branch) • 4. Provide for Common Defense ( national armed services) • 5. Promote the General Welfare (SS, Welfare, Unemployment) • 6. Secure these blessing to ourselves and our posterity

COMPROMISES • GREAT COMPROMISE (NJ plan & Virginia plan) • Compromise of electing the President • Three fifth’s Compromise • Trade Compromise

Major Principles of the Constitution • Popular Sovereignty – people have the ability to rule themselves • Why do we have the ELECTORAL COLLEGE? • Limited Government – power of the government is restricted through the Bill of Rights (1st 10 amendments)

1. Freedoms Amendment (speech, press, assembly, petition, religion) 2. Right to Bear Arms 3. No Quartering of Soldiers 4. No unwanted search and seizure 5. Due Process 6. Speedy Trial 7. Trial by jury in Civil Cases8. No Cruel or Unusual Punishment 9. Rights given to the people Rights given to the states Bill of Rights

Republicanism – in a republic citizen give their power to perform government duties to those they elect ( voting) • Federalism – Division of government into levels • National ( supreme in power) • State • local

Separation of Powers – the division of each level of government into branches (Montesquieu) • Executive – enforces laws • Legislative – makes laws • Judicial – interprets laws • Checks & Balances – system in our government where no branch can get out of the balance of power • Veto/ override

Enumerated Powers – those powers given to the national gov’t • Declaring war, making treaties, naturalization, • Reserved powers – powers given to the states • Marriage laws, divorce laws, Education • Concurrent powers – powers shared between state and federal gov’t • Power to tax,

Articles of the Constitution • I. Legislative Branch • II. Executive Branch • III. Judicial Branch • IV. Relationship among the States • V. Amendment Process • 2/3rd of Congress ---- 3/4ths state legislatures • VI. Constitutional Supremacy • VII. Ratification Process • 9/13 • DE, PA, NJ, GA, CT, MA, MD, SC, NH, VA, NY, NC, RI

FEDERALISTS George Washington, Ben Franklin Wealthier More educated Organized, controlled the press Hamilton, Jay, Madison – Federalists Papers ANTIFEDERALISTS Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee State rights Poorer classes, one horse farmers Less educated Paper moneyites, debtors Absence of the bill of rights

Birth of the American Republic