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Understanding DNA: Structure, Functions, and Replication Explained

Explore the fascinating world of DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the organic compound essential for life. Learn about its structure as long polymers made of nucleotides, which consist of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases. Discover how DNA functions as a storage system for genetic information, organizes itself into chromosomes, and plays a crucial role in cell replication. This overview covers its importance in genetics, forensic science, and how it influences our individual characteristics.

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Understanding DNA: Structure, Functions, and Replication Explained

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  1. By Erin J. Cramer DNA Decoded

  2. What is it? • DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Organic Compound called Nucleotide • Location • In nucleus (Nuclear DNA)

  3. Functions of DNA • Genes that send information throughout your body • Long term storage for information • Builds cells to do task so that your body may function & have it own characteristics

  4. What DNA is made of? • 2 long polymers • Nucleotides, with bands that are made of sugar, phosphate & nitrogen groups joined by ester (organic & inorganic compounds) bonds. • Run side by side • Ea. Sugar has 4 molecular bases that hold information • Read by copying DNA into nucleic acids called transpcriptions

  5. Organization • 2 structures called chromosomes • Chromatin protein (histones) compact & organize DNA • Duplicated before cells divide (DNA Replication) • Eukaryotic organism (animals, plants, fungi & protist) store DNA in nucleus

  6. Stored Information (Cont.) • Ea. Base is attached to a sugar and phosphate molecule • Base + Sugar + Phosphate = Nucleotide • Sugar & phosphate form the rings or back bone • Bases for the steps

  7. Stored Information • Information is stored in chemical bases • (A) Adenine (G) Guanine (C) Cytosine & (T) Thymine • Pairs are: A-T & C-G. Form bonds between oxygen & hydrogen in the bases. • 3 million bases +99% are the same in everyone

  8. DNA Replication • The double helix unwinds using enzymes (Helicases) • Breaking the hydrogen bonds that link the complimentary nitrogen bases between the 2 strands. Protein are added to each strand so they wont twist together. Forming a Y-Shape (replication fork) DNA replication - Google Video

  9. DNA Replication(Cont.) • At replication fork enzymes DNA polymerase each DNA strand • Move along ea. Strand adding nucleotides to the open nitrogen base = 2 new double helixes • After nucleotides have been added • Enzymes stay attached until all DNA has been copied & signaled to be detached • The nucleotide sequences are the same as eachother • DNA Replication Song

  10. What DNA is Used For • Forensics • To solve crimes • To give you characteristics

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