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Explore the origins of WWI, from alliances and nationalism to the war front and global impacts. Discover the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations in this comprehensive study of one of history's most defining conflicts.
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Do Now: In Your Notebooks… • Is there such a thing as a “just” war? Explain. • When is it justified to enter a war that you did not start?
Chapter 28: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
The Coming of the Great War • MAIN-The causes of WWI • Militarism: Glorifying military power and maintaining an army -With growing labor unrest, the arms race provided employment for Europeans. • Alliances -Russia allied with France and Britain (Allies or Triple Entente) -Germany allied with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire (Central Powers or Triple Alliance). -Alliances set up because of imperialist rivalries over remaining colonies
Continued • Nationalism: Intense feelings of loyalty to one’s country -Caused intense competition between nations -Materials, markets and territory -Nationalism led ethnic groups to seek independence
Crisis in the Balkans • Ethnic divisions and interstate rivalries in the Balkans added tension to Europe. -Serbia had large Slavic population -Russia supports Serbian nationalism, while Austria-Hungary opposed • July 1914- GavriloPrincip assassinated heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire, Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo -Princip was a Serbian nationalist • Ultimatum -Serbia agrees to most demands, Austria-Hungary unwilling to negotiate (Declared war on July 28, 1914)
Continued • Instead of regional war, alliance system was used -Mobilization of forces throughout Europe • Germany worried about the possibility of two-front war -Plan to attack France first through Belgium -Britain entered the war to protect the Belgium • Naval allies soon jumped in the war • Colonial territories brought into war as well
Do now: in your notebooks… • In terms of conduct, what is acceptable and unacceptable during war? • How should civilians and prisoners of war be treated? • Are there any kind of weapons that should not be allowed? Why or why not?
The War in Europe • Most European nations thought war would be quick and decisive -Turned into stalemate along Western Front • Schlieffen Plan -Defeat France first and rush east to defeat Russia -Fighting stalls along the Marne • Trench Warfare -Soldiers fight from trenches -New weapons to overcome lack of strategy
The eastern front & Italy • Russia focused on Austria-Hungary and eastern Germany -Easily defeated by German troops • Russian war effort near collapse by 1916 -Not yet fully industrialized (Difficulty supplying troops) • Italy switched from Central Powers to Allies in 1915 -Most Italian assaults ended in disaster • British and French troops had to be deployed to stop Austrian advance.
The home front • Government developed propaganda to insure citizens would support the war • Many aspects of industrialization taken over by governments -Rationing: Controlled distribution of goods in short supply • Women participated -Replace men in factories, nurses, helped ensure supplies reached troops
The world outside of europe • Troops were recruited from colonies (Mostly for Allies • Effective British naval blockades -Germany would not reach its colonies and lack raw materials -Canada, Australia and New Zealand contribute -ANZAC troops fought at Galipoli • Germany’s main support was Ottoman Empire • Young Turk leaders assaulted Armenia -Deported nearly 2 million -600,000 died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers
The united states enters the war • The United States entered WWI in 1917 -Prior to 1917, claimed neutrality -Americans made money from selling food, weapons and giving loans to the Allies (Lend-Lease) • German U-Boats sunk Lusitania, a luxury liner that carried American passengers -Unrestricted submarine warfare • Intercepted Zimmermann Telegram -Germany promised to help Mexico reconquer land
endgame • Russia was knocked out of the war -Germany transferred more soldiers to the Western Front -American soldiers stalled German advance • Austria-Hungarian empire abdicated as separate republics, Austria and Hungary • German commanders agreed to an armistice on November 11, 1918. • WWI claimed 10 million lives and wounded 20 million.
Failed Peace • The Paris Peace Conference of 1919: Meeting of allied leaders to determine peace terms for Europe and how to deal with defeated empires • Disagreements amongst Allies over Germany -Germany was given no part in drafting the treaty • Fourteen Points -Wilson’s plan for peace -Self-determination: Allow people to decide the type of government they wanted
The treaty of versailles • Many treaties were passed -Treaty of Versailles most important: -Germany had to accept blame for the entire war -Germany had to limit their army to 100,000 soldiers -Germany lost territory -Germany had to pay reparations ($33 billion over 30 years)
League of nations and new nations • League of Nations -International association that would maintain peace among nations -Germany and Russia excluded -United States rejected treaty and membership in league • New Countries -Treaties led to loss of land; new countries created out of these territories -Allies carved up lands in S.W. Asia
Effects • Short-Term -Generation of Europeans killed or wounded (“Lost Generation”) -Dynasties fell in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia -Newly created countries • Long-Term -Many nations felt bitter and betrayed by peace negotiations -Forces that caused the war remain