The Great War: Causes, Alliances, and Consequences

1. Do Now: In Your Notebooks… • Is there such a thing as a “just” war? Explain. • When is it justified to enter a war that you did not start?

2. Chapter 28: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

3. The Coming of the Great War • MAIN-The causes of WWI • Militarism: Glorifying military power and maintaining an army -With growing labor unrest, the arms race provided employment for Europeans. • Alliances -Russia allied with France and Britain (Allies or Triple Entente) -Germany allied with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire (Central Powers or Triple Alliance). -Alliances set up because of imperialist rivalries over remaining colonies

5. Continued • Nationalism: Intense feelings of loyalty to one’s country -Caused intense competition between nations -Materials, markets and territory -Nationalism led ethnic groups to seek independence

6. Crisis in the Balkans • Ethnic divisions and interstate rivalries in the Balkans added tension to Europe. -Serbia had large Slavic population -Russia supports Serbian nationalism, while Austria-Hungary opposed • July 1914- GavriloPrincip assassinated heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire, Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo -Princip was a Serbian nationalist • Ultimatum -Serbia agrees to most demands, Austria-Hungary unwilling to negotiate (Declared war on July 28, 1914)

7. Continued • Instead of regional war, alliance system was used -Mobilization of forces throughout Europe • Germany worried about the possibility of two-front war -Plan to attack France first through Belgium -Britain entered the war to protect the Belgium • Naval allies soon jumped in the war • Colonial territories brought into war as well

8. Do now: in your notebooks… • In terms of conduct, what is acceptable and unacceptable during war? • How should civilians and prisoners of war be treated? • Are there any kind of weapons that should not be allowed? Why or why not?

9. The War in Europe • Most European nations thought war would be quick and decisive -Turned into stalemate along Western Front • Schlieffen Plan -Defeat France first and rush east to defeat Russia -Fighting stalls along the Marne • Trench Warfare -Soldiers fight from trenches -New weapons to overcome lack of strategy

10. The eastern front & Italy • Russia focused on Austria-Hungary and eastern Germany -Easily defeated by German troops • Russian war effort near collapse by 1916 -Not yet fully industrialized (Difficulty supplying troops) • Italy switched from Central Powers to Allies in 1915 -Most Italian assaults ended in disaster • British and French troops had to be deployed to stop Austrian advance.

11. The home front • Government developed propaganda to insure citizens would support the war • Many aspects of industrialization taken over by governments -Rationing: Controlled distribution of goods in short supply • Women participated -Replace men in factories, nurses, helped ensure supplies reached troops

12. The world outside of europe • Troops were recruited from colonies (Mostly for Allies • Effective British naval blockades -Germany would not reach its colonies and lack raw materials -Canada, Australia and New Zealand contribute -ANZAC troops fought at Galipoli • Germany’s main support was Ottoman Empire • Young Turk leaders assaulted Armenia -Deported nearly 2 million -600,000 died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers

13. The united states enters the war • The United States entered WWI in 1917 -Prior to 1917, claimed neutrality -Americans made money from selling food, weapons and giving loans to the Allies (Lend-Lease) • German U-Boats sunk Lusitania, a luxury liner that carried American passengers -Unrestricted submarine warfare • Intercepted Zimmermann Telegram -Germany promised to help Mexico reconquer land

14. endgame • Russia was knocked out of the war -Germany transferred more soldiers to the Western Front -American soldiers stalled German advance • Austria-Hungarian empire abdicated as separate republics, Austria and Hungary • German commanders agreed to an armistice on November 11, 1918. • WWI claimed 10 million lives and wounded 20 million.

15. Failed Peace • The Paris Peace Conference of 1919: Meeting of allied leaders to determine peace terms for Europe and how to deal with defeated empires • Disagreements amongst Allies over Germany -Germany was given no part in drafting the treaty • Fourteen Points -Wilson’s plan for peace -Self-determination: Allow people to decide the type of government they wanted

16. The treaty of versailles • Many treaties were passed -Treaty of Versailles most important: -Germany had to accept blame for the entire war -Germany had to limit their army to 100,000 soldiers -Germany lost territory -Germany had to pay reparations ($33 billion over 30 years)

17. League of nations and new nations • League of Nations -International association that would maintain peace among nations -Germany and Russia excluded -United States rejected treaty and membership in league • New Countries -Treaties led to loss of land; new countries created out of these territories -Allies carved up lands in S.W. Asia

19. Effects • Short-Term -Generation of Europeans killed or wounded (“Lost Generation”) -Dynasties fell in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia -Newly created countries • Long-Term -Many nations felt bitter and betrayed by peace negotiations -Forces that caused the war remain