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Radiography Principles and Techniques: A Comprehensive Guide

Learn about anatomy terminology, radiographic projections, image quality factors, ALARA principles, and digital imaging techniques in radiography. Understand body positions, exposure factors, and decubitus positions.

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Radiography Principles and Techniques: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. Chapter 1 Principles and Terminology

  2. Anatomic Position • Upright • ___________ to the side • __________ forward • Head straight • __________ straight

  3. Important Terminology • __________ Plane • Right and left • Coronal Plane • Anterior (front) and posterior (back) • ___________Plane • Superior (top) and inferior (bottom) • Oblique Plane • Any ____________

  4. __________ An angle toward the head. ____________ An angle away from the head (toward the feet) Cephalad vs. CaudadReferring to the angle of an X-ray tube

  5. Radiographic Terminology • ____________- An image receptor with an X-ray image imprinted on it • ____________- The production of radiographs

  6. MARKERS • It is ____________without them • Pt Identification • ______________markers • Facility Identification

  7. Radiographic Projections • Describes the path of the _____________

  8. PA The CR travels _______ to Anterior PA Oblique AP The CR travels Anterior to _________ AP oblique Posteroanterior and Anteroposterior

  9. ______________ The CR travels from the medial side to the lateral ____________ The CR travels from the lateral side to the medial Mediolateral and Lateromedial

  10. Basic Rule • There is a minimum of _____________ • _____from each other • For joints try for 3 (2) 90⁰ from each other (1) __________

  11. Body Positions • Describes the way the _______is to be placed.

  12. General Positions • ___________ • On their back • Prone – On their stomach • Erect - Upright • _____________ – Lay down (Any way)

  13. Specific Positions • Lateral – Side closest to the IR • _____________ – In between ____________and Lateral • Posterior Oblique • Oblique with a specific __________ side closest to the IR • Anterior Oblique • Oblique with a specific anterior side closest to the IR

  14. Decubitus • _____________ • Having a horizontal CR to detect fluid levels • Right or Left Lateral (AP or PA) Decubitus • The patient lies on right or left side with the CR traveling __________ • Dorsal Decubitus – Patient lies on their back and the CR travels horizontal ________ • ___________Decubitus – Patient lies on their stomach and the CR travels horizontal (Lateral)

  15. Radiographic Technique • _____________ peak (kVp)(kV) • _____________ (mA) • Exposure time (s)

  16. kV • Determines the __________of the beam. • Gives X-rays the _____________ power

  17. mAs • Combination of mA and s • Determines the ___________of the beam • More mAs more ___________

  18. Image Quality Factors • Density • ____________ • Resolution • ___________

  19. Density • The amount of ____________on a radiograph • ______ – Primary controlling factor • High density • Overexposed (hot) • Low density • Underexposed

  20. Contrast • The difference in _____________on adjacent areas • kV – Primary controlling factor with film • __________ contrast (Short-scale) • Greater differences • Black and White • Low kV • __________ Contrast (Long-scale) • Lesser differences • Many shades of Gray • High kV

  21. Resolution • Recorded sharpness of structures • ____________ • Various factors influence resolution • Focal spot size • _________– Source to Image Distance • _________ – Object to Image Distance • Motion

  22. Distortion • Misrepresentation of object size or shape • _________________ • Increased OID or Decreased SID • Shape distortion • Tube or part angle • ______________

  23. Digital Imaging • Technique matters • Different effect on image quality ____________ • mAs • Still determines quantity ___________ • kV • Penetrating power. ___________on contrast compared to film.

  24. Digital ImagingPost Processing • Windowing • ___________ = Contrast • __________ = Density • Image manipulation • ___________ • Subtraction • Annotation

  25. Exposure Index • Numeric value representing the ________the IR received. • “S” Number • ___________ proportional to dose • Exposure Index • ___________proportion

  26. ALARA • A – As • L - Low • A - As • R - Reasonably • A - Achievable

  27. Achieving ALARA • Always wear a personnel monitoring device • This is for ______ • In ______ • In ______

  28. Achieving ALARA • Holding devices • ___________ • Sandbags • Reduce __________ due to motion • _____avoid the primary beam without protection.

  29. Achieving ALARA • ______________ • Expose the area of interest • Filtration • Get rid of un-diagnostic beams • Optimal kV • Will reduce __________ • Avoid repeats • It ____________anyway

  30. Tech “Cardinal” Rules • ___________ • ___________ • ___________

  31. Shielding • Lead for the ___________ • Blanket, Gown, Part Specific • Lead for __________ • Gown, Gloves, Glasses, Part Specific

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