Universe of Knowledge

1. Universe of Knowledge • INFORMATION EXPLOSION (illness) • No. of Researchers, amount of research (DP) (inter-disciplinary ,quality (Product), scope, e.g. Blackberry) • Formation of new subjects. • Manifestations of existing subjects. • Growth of primary literature.

2. Data, Information • Data • Facts and figures • Discrete and unorganized pieces of information • Information • Data becomes information when these pieces are processed, interpreted and presented in an organized or logical form to facilitate a better comprehension of the concerned topic or issue. • Data becomes information when we establish relationship among data • Data and facts as information

3. Knowledge, Library • Knowledge • is an organized body of information of the comprehension and understanding, consequent on having acquired and organized a body of facts • analyzed information • Library • Library is instrument of self-education, a means of enlightenment that provide accumulated –preserved knowledge of civilization which consequently enrich ones mental vision, and dignifies conduct and outlook on life • as Communication Centre • as Knowledge Centre • as Information Centre • as Resource Centre

4. Information - Concept • Information originates from the idea that creep in the mind of a man as a result of observation. It is only a random collection of facts or data , until it is used by someone to achieve a specific purpose. Information is a symbol or set of symbols, which has the potential for meaning. • Data • 0 university • 9 sk • 9 @ • 0 g • 6 m • 2 a • 358 il.com

5. Assigning Value Phone No. E-mail ID 0 university 9 sk 9 @ 0 g 6 m 2 a 358 il.com Value (need & ability), monetary aspect, non-materiality problem (indifferent)

6. Information Generators /Collectors • Authors • Scientists • Editors • Researchers • Scholars • PUBLISHER (Gatherer alone) • Primary • Secondary

7. Storage of Information • LIBRARIES (3D) • Public • Academic : School, College, University, etc. • Special / Research. • DOCUMENTATION CENTRES • INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTRES (DATA BANKS) • NETWORKS • Repositories, archives etc. • DATABASES (Science Direct, etc.)

8. Science Direct • http://www.sciencedirect.com (training programme) • Science Direct is the essential information resource for millions of scientists around the world. Since its launch in 1997, it has evolved from a web database of Elsevier journals to one of the world's largest providers of scientific, technical and medical (STM) literature. There are 47 subjects covered in Science Direct including Agriculture and allied disciplines.

9. Dissemination of information • PRIMARY PRODUCTS • L & I S • Special Agencies • SECONDARY PRODUCTS • Reference Service • CAS • SDI • TERTIARY PRODUCTS • Direct contact, Liaison Service, Flash information Service , etc.

10. Information is Power (micro) • Information as a resource (Natural) • Information as a thing. (Commodity vs resource) (national laws IP Act, AB (Death) IT Act etc.) • Constitutive force in a society.

11. Common Objective • Want to maximize the value of what we get out of using them; • Want to minimize the costs involved in acquiring and using them (DOAJ / DOAR ); • We have to fix accountability for their use; and • We have to ensure a continuous supply of this resource.

12. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sources • Sources of information usually fall into one of these three categories. Whether or not a source is primary, secondary or tertiary depends on its; • 1. Originality:is the author the person who did the experiment or witnessed the event or is the author commenting on someone else’s work • 2. Proximity:is this first hand, eyewitness account, or is it after the fact

13. Primary source • Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based. They are usually the first formal appearance of results in the print or electronic literature (for example, the first publication of the results of scientific investigations is a primary source.). They present information in its original form, neither interpreted nor condensed nor evaluated by other writers. They are from the time period (for example, something written close to when what it is recording happened is likely to be a primary source.). Primary sources present original thinking, report on discoveries, or share new information.

14. Types of Primary Sources • a. Published Documents: Some primary sources are published documents. They were created for large audiences and were distributed widely. It include magazines, journals, newspapers, government documents, non-government reports, literature of all kinds, advertisements, maps, pamphlets, posters, laws, and court decisions. • b. Unpublished Documents: Many types of unpublished documents have been saved, and can be used as primary sources. These include personal letters, diaries, wills, deeds, family Bibles containing family histories, school report cards, and many other sources. Unpublished documents often come from community organizations, service clubs, political parties, and labor unions in the form of membership lists, meeting minutes, speeches, financial and other records. • c. Oral Traditions: Oral traditions provide another way to learn about the past from people with firsthand knowledge of historical events. Recently, spoken words that make up oral traditions have gained importance as primary sources. Oral traditions provide important historical evidence about people, especially minority groups, who were excluded from mainstream publications or did not leave behind written primary sources. • d. Visual Documents and Artifacts: Visual documents include photographs, films, paintings, and other types of artwork. Because visual documents capture moments in time, they can provide evidence of changes over time. Visual documents include evidence about a culture at specific moments in history: its customs, preferences, styles, special occasions, work, and play.

15. Identifying Primary Sources • A primary source means sources that contain raw, original, un-interpreted and unevaluated information. Primary sources include: • 1. Accounts by an eyewitness (Happening / S P)or the first recorder of an event, in written or other form, including microform and electronic reproduction. Examples are diaries, autobiographies, letters, minutes of meetings, news footage and newspaper articles. • 2. Data obtained through original research, statistical compilations or legal requirements. Examples are reports of scientific experiments, census of India and public records. • 3. Creative works such as poetry, music, or art • 4. Artifacts such as arrowheads, pottery, furniture, and buildings.

16. Example of Primary Sources • Periodicals /Journals /Serials • Conference Proceedings • Research Reports • Patents • Standard & Specifications • Dissertation & Thesis • Newspapers (often) • UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

17. Secondary Sources • Secondary sources are those which simplify the process of finding and evaluating the primary literature. They tend to be works, which repackage, reorganise, reinterpret, summarise, index or otherwise “add value” to the new information reported in the primary literature. In general, secondary sources are described, interpret, analyse and evaluate the primary sources. Secondary sources, on the other hand, offer an analysis or a restatement of primary sources.

18. Identifying Secondary Sources • A Secondary sources that digest, analyse, evaluate and interpret the information contained within primary sources. They tend to be argumentative. Secondary sources are works that interpret the primary data.

19. Example of Secondary Sources • Indexes, Indexing periodicals • Abstracting periodicals • Bibliographies • Reviews (Survey type) • Reference works : Encyclopedia, Dictionaries, Handbooks, Manuals, Tables etc. • Translations • TEXT BOOKS (Controversy)

20. Tertiary Sources • Tertiary sources consist of information, which is a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources. This is the most problematic category of all. Tertiary sources works which list primary and secondary sources in a specific subject area. Materials in which the information from secondary sources has been "digested" reformatted and condensed, to put it into a convenient, easy-to-read form. They are "generalized surveys of a specific subject." They are even more removed from the original event than secondary sources. TS aid searchers in using P & S sources, organised / arranged acc. to a definite plan.

21. Identifying Tertiary Sources • Tertiary Sources that compile, analyze, and digest secondary sources. They tend to be factual.

22. Example of Tertiary Sources • Bibliography of Bibliographies • Guide to Literature • Directories • TEXT BOOKS

23. Textbooks as a tertiary source • TB are assimilated information written for a particular level of audience, the information having been drawn from primary sources and secondary sources. TB are not original documents and not used as a conventional reference source. • 1. TB does not contain new or original information. • 2. TBs are largely a collection of information and data already available in the literature. • 3. TBs are not conventional reference source. • METHOD OF ELIMINATION (HVC)

24. Wrap Up • Sources are usually divided into primary, secondary and tertiary sources. Researches are usually built on primary sources and supported by secondary sources concerning the same subject. Primary sources are more current than secondary and tertiary sources. It is important to identify the primary sources to come up with a proper research topic and to collect the source material analyzing and interpreting. These sources could radically transform every dimension of our economy and society.

25. THANKS FOR ATTENTION

26. Today we will discuss _ _ _ _ • Concept of Information • Chain of Information • Primary, Secondary & Tertiary sources