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Effects of scene inversion on change detection of targets matched for visual salience

Effects of scene inversion on change detection of targets matched for visual salience. Professor: Liu Student: Ruby. objective. Two objects in this research: The one with greater significance given the context of the scene would be noticed more often.

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Effects of scene inversion on change detection of targets matched for visual salience

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  1. Effects of scene inversion on change detection of targets matched for visual salience Professor: Liu Student: Ruby

  2. objective • Two objects in this research: • The one with greater significance given the context of the scene would be noticed more often. • The effects of context and to show that the competing changes were matched in visual salience. In this study, each image contained two competing changes: one change was central to the context of the scene and the other change was marginal. LOGO

  3. References • There are many bottom-up factors that draw attention, such as color, size, proximity, and brightness. (Bravo & Nakayama, 1992; Treisman & Gelade, 1980; Wolfe, 1994) • Change blindness refers to the difficulty in detecting alterations in scenes, showing that subjects do not have ready access to certain events within scenes. (Simons & Levin, 1997) LOGO

  4. References • When provided with written verbal cues to guide attention, subjects improved at detecting changes. (Rensink, O’Regan, & Clark, 1997) • This indicates that attention is important for noticing changes. • The flicker paradigm and the simultaneous paradigm are two examples of a wider variety of methods for studying change blindness. (Grimes, 1996; Henderson & Hollingworth, 1999; McConkie & Currie, 1996; Rensink et al., 1997; O’Regan, Rensink, & Clark, 1999; Shore & Klein, 2000) LOGO

  5. References • Flickering images may be processed differently than simultaneous images. • subjects may rely more heavily on detection of low-level visual transients in the flicker paradigm, decreasing the confidence on scene meaning (context) to guide orienting. (Shore and Klein) LOGO

  6. Methods • Participants • 15 people were used in the pilot test. • 34 people in the main experiment. • Age from 18 to 22 years. • normal or corrected-to-normal vision. LOGO

  7. Methods • Apparatus • MATLAB 5.2.1., the Psychophysics Toolbox. • Displays were presented at a resolution of 640 pixels x 480 pixels on a 15-in. iMac monitor. • Viewing distance from 18 to 24 in. LOGO

  8. Methods • Stimuli • Twenty-one images were generated with two changes in each. • Changes were discriminated by the experimenters as having either • high contextual significance (hi). • low contextual significance (lo). LOGO

  9. This was a disappearance change. (the clown’s spot and the pig’s face) LOGO

  10. This was an object color change. (the ladder and the satellite arm) LOGO

  11. Methods • Change-Detection procedure • The unchanged images was presented for 240 ms, followed by an 80 ms blank phase, then the altered image was presented for 240 ms, followed by another 80 ms blank. • In this research, only two cycles. • Every trial was repeated until the subject responded or until the timed out (120 s). • When they detect the change, press the space bar to stop. LOGO

  12. Methods • Pilot phase procedure • To measure the selection rate for high contextual significance and low contextual significance changes. • Two practice trials. • The subject was asked to respond as soon as a change was notice. • The performance dependent measure allowed us to objectively define which of the two changes was more salient. LOGO

  13. Methods • Experimental phase procedure • The remaining image were divided into two groups of 9 each. • One group of images was randomly selected to be shown upright • The other group of images was shown inverted. LOGO

  14. Results • During the experimental phase of this study, subjects selected the hi context item in 81% of all displays presented in their upright orientation. • For the inverted orientation, the preference dropped to 69% [t(33) = 2.936, p = .006]. LOGO

  15. Results • Mean response times for detecting changes were slower for the inverted condition than the upright condition (M = 8.8 s vs. 8.0 s), but the increase was not significant. LOGO

  16. Discussion and Conclusions • Changes in a scene are more easily noticed when those changes involve objects relevant to the scene's context. • Scene inversion reduced the effects of global context on change detection. LOGO

  17. Discussion and Conclusions • Compare the finding with Shore and Klein: • The flicker paradigm controls processing of contextual information contained in the scenes. • because subjects may utilize a search strategy that focuses on exogenous detection of local visual transients. (Shore and Klein, 2000) • Low-level visual transients are not present in the simultaneous paradigm, so change detection is guided by endogenous attention. • the apparent presence of context effects in the flicker paradigm may have been due to potential imbalances in the relative visibility of central versus marginal changes in the stimuli set. (Rensink et al., 1997) LOGO

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