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Reconstruction Era (1863-1877)

Reconstruction Era (1863-1877). President Lincoln’s 10% Plan. “Loyal Rule” Didn’t ask Congress for approval. Pardon citizens 10% vote Plan to re-admit states back into Union. President Lincoln’s Plan. 1864 “ Lincoln Governments ” formed in LA , TN, AR “loyal assemblies”

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Reconstruction Era (1863-1877)

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  1. Reconstruction Era(1863-1877)

  2. President Lincoln’s 10% Plan • “Loyal Rule” • Didn’t ask Congress for approval. • Pardon citizens • 10% vote • Plan to re-admit states back into Union

  3. President Lincoln’s Plan • 1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR • “loyal assemblies” • Weak; dependent onUnion Army for survival • Military Force • Minority Rule

  4. Lincoln is Dead! • Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater • “Sic Semper Tyrannus!” • Shot in the back of the head • Dies within the day • Andrew Johnson becomesPresident; must continueReconstruction

  5. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Ended slavery, DID NOT grant citizenship

  6. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Northern Abolitionists • Help slaves; gain political power • “Carpetbaggers”

  7. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes “Plenty to eat and nothing to do.”

  8. Johnson & Reconstruction • Jacksonian Democrat • From Tennessee • White Supremacist • Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union “Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

  9. Johnson becomes President after Lincoln's assassination. Pres. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan: I. The majority of voters in each Southern state must pledge their loyalty to the U.S…. II. …and each state must ratify(approve) the Thirteenth Amendment. • The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery, was ratified on Dec.6, 1865

  10. Johnson's Reconstruction Plan • Amnesty for loyalty oath EXCEPT: - Civil War Officers- Former Plantation Owners- Individuals w/ property over $20,000 • New State Constitutions • Forbid slavery; secession • Pay back war debt to Feds. • Johnson chose (did not elect) new governors

  11. Slavery is Dead?

  12. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 “special pardons” • Plantation owners resume political power • Revival of southern defiance; racism BLACK CODES

  13. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee stable labor supply • Restore pre-emancipationrace relations • Assures whites will earn more $$ than blacks • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

  14. Sharecropping

  15. Black Codes - laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen. …serving on juries. …voting. African-Americans were forbidden from… …running for political office. …owning guns.

  16. Section 3. …it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life. Section 5. Every freedman, free negro and mulatto shall…have a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereof…if living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from that mayor thereof; and if living outside of an incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, …which license may be revoked for cause at any time by the authority granting the same. Section 6.All contracts for labor made with freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes for a longer period than one month shall be in writing…and if the laborer shall quit the service of the employer before the expiration of his term of service, without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year up to the time of quitting.

  17. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars S.Congressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. • February, 1866 • Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866 • Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st time in U. S. history!!!!

  18. Radical Reconstruction(1866-1877)

  19. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Natural-Born Citizens. • Citizens Rights • Pay back for war debt • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

  20. Radical Plan for Readmission • Military supervision (Martial Law) • States must: • Ratify 13th, 14th Amendments • Black Suffrage • In March, 1867, Congress passed act to have military enroll black voters!

  21. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • 10 S. states refuse to ratify 14th Amend. • Divide 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

  22. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Command of the Army Act • All Reconstruction acts must go through Army Commander • Tenure of Office Act • President can not remove cabinetmember’s w/o Congress consent • Is this law constitutional??? Edwin Stanton Sec. of War

  23. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removes Stanton Feb. 1868. • Johnson puts pro-S. Generals in charge • House impeaches Feb. 24th by vote of 126-47.

  24. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

  25. African-Americans & Govt. Free blacks able to vote/participate in govt. White hysteria Fear of “black oppression” Southern states feel need to “re-establish” white rule Examples: - Poll Taxes - Ku Klux Klan - Black Codes - Lynchings

  26. White Hysteria: Colored Rulein the South?

  27. The Balance of Power in Congress

  28. Black & White Political Participation

  29. Black Senate & House Delegates

  30. Blacks in Southern Politics • Core voters were black veterans from Civil War • Some held political office • However, blacks were politically unprepared. • The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

  31. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • Amendment 15: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” • IMPACTS: - Forbid denying the right to vote based on race

  32. The Failure of Federal Enforcement • Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. • “The Lost Cause.” • Little to no enforcement, abuse of blacks remains in South

  33. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

  34. Abandoning Reconstruction • Northern support decreases • “Grantism” & political corruption • Panic of 1873 • Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars. • Congress leaves enforcement up to states • “Poll Taxes” • Literacy Tests • Grandfather Clause

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