Chapter 1

1. AliyahOuro-Akondo Chapter 1

2. Before Civilization • The first signs of civilization were presented in Egypt and Mesopotamia. • In 1940 in southern France a cavern was found that had carvings and paintings on the walls.

3. The Stone Age • The stone age lasted about from 2 million years ago which lasted from then to around 4,000 years ago • It was split up into 2 phases. • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) • Neolithic (New Stone Age)

4. Paleoithic (The Old Stone Age) • Period when humans were hunter-gathers also know as “foragers” • Hunter-Gathering was a system where the men hunted for meat and women gathered fruits,seeds,berries,edible roots etc • Bands of around 50 people migrated seasonally, Following where herds of animals moved or to collect seasonally ripening plants,fruits,roots.

6. Neolithic (The New Stone Age) • People were still using stone tools and started settling in to permanent encampments as to when they would migrate in the Paleolithic age • The stone tools they used were more complex and defined • People started getting more artistic, This is when people started pottery, basket waving. • People started to domesticate animals to help them with their farm work, gathering things. • Diseases spread

8. Mesopotamia • Located in between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers • City-State • Agriculture from the Neolithic period didn’t reach Mesopotamia until later because the region was very dry and not suitable for farming • After 3000 B.C.E canals were made to bring water to the fields

10. Natural Resources • Date Palms: Food,fiber and wood • Garden Plots: Used for Vegetables • Reeds: Used as raw material to make mats,baskets,huts and boats • Fish: Meat,nutrion • Goats: Milk

11. Mesopotamian Life • Religiously they were Polytheistic and believe in different god with each natural elements. • People lives in villages, In huts. • In villages families would live together and work together to continue to live men protecting the women, and women doing basic household chores • If a major village was successful sometimes smaller villages would merge with them • They harvested twice a year.

12. The opened new land for their farming but building canals that directed water to dry fields • They had centers, which were like the kings palace. • The kings responsibilities included • Repairing irrigation channels • Guarding property rights • Warding of foreign attacks • Establishing justice

13. A few city-states had strong enough kings who took over other city-states next to them. • Sargon who was the ruler of Akkad took over Sumer in 2350 B.C.E and united the two city-states • They adopted cuneiform as their main writing system which was used to communicate in letters,taxes,official documents etc. • The Akkadian empire fell in around 2230 B.C.E

14. The language and culture of Sumerians came back after the fall of the Akkadian empire under the third dynasty of Ur (2112-2004 B.C.E) • Communication grew rapidly and became quicker with messengers,new roads. • Writing was practiced, They had a calender,weights and measure etc

15. The Third dynasty Of Ur had to protect itself from the nomadic Semitic Amorites, They had done a good job at first but then the armories teamed up with and Elamite attack and brought down the third dynasty of Ur. • After they took over the founded a new city in Babylon. • Afterwards Hammurabi took over and he made the military stronger and established the Hammurabi code.

17. Ancient Egypt

18. Natural Resources • Nile River provided water,mud,papyrus • Papyrus were used to make good sails,ropes and papyrus paper • Clay that they used for art pottery could be found anywhere • Copper and Turquoise were close and used to make jewelry ,sold for money,trade etc

19. Farming • Farming of Egypt started in 5500 B.C.E • The farmers relied on the flooding of the nile which took place in September. • They also relied on domesticated plants and animals

20. Kings • The ancient Egyptians did have their king (Referred to as a “Pharaoh”) at the top of their social hierarchy pyramid • Egyptians believed that their pharaoh was god on earth, they believed in incarnation • The pharaoh had maintained ma’at • The egyptains tried to sustain the kings spirt for the afterlife.

21. Hireoglyphics • A system of writing that had been started in the early dynasty period. • It was a picture or symbol that represented words, sounds or syllables. • By 2500 B.C.E a cursive script had been developed. • The writing on papyrus paper was used on everything, like literacy one love poetry, hymns. Aside from that it was also used for administrative keeping, and instructions

23. Ancient Egyptian Life • As opposed to Meso,A higher percentage of Egyptians lived on farming villages • Wealthiest people cultivated the land • Ancient Egypt had variety because of the different types of Africans that they had from all over • There is very scare info what women did in the social structure. But with it, It is evident that they were more respected, had social freedom and treated better then women in Mesopotamia and other ancient societies .

24. Religon • They were Polythestic • Believed in different gods who controlled different aspects of their nature • They had temples that the kings would bulikd for them to serve the gods. They would bring all sorts of gifts • Very religious, Remembered the gods everyday and went to the temples often • Believed in the after life and prepared loved ones extensively for it after they died.

26. The Indus Valley

27. Natural Enviorment • Twice a year the Indus river flooded surrounding areas • Snowmelt from the Himalayan mountains feeds the flood in spring • In august monsoons brought rain from the south west to feed a second flood • Most popular