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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis. Law Of Conservation of Matter and Energy. Matter and energy can neither be created of destroyed, only transformed. Total amount of energy in the universe is constant-it’s stored in the bonds of matter. Potential energy =stored energy

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Photosynthesis

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  1. Photosynthesis

  2. Law Of Conservation of Matter and Energy • Matter and energy can neither be created of destroyed, only transformed.

  3. Total amount of energy in the universe is constant-it’s stored in the bonds of matter. • Potential energy =stored energy • Kinetic energy= released(bonds broken)energy. • (Released energy is NOT lost energy, it’s just transformed)

  4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRm-otFKWLIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=El6El4iapO4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRm-otFKWLIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=El6El4iapO4

  5. Carbon Bonding • Organic molecules are made mostly of carbon atoms. Most matter in living organisms is made of organic molecules. • Use pg. 51-52 to answer the following • QUESTION: How do carbon’s bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide variety of biological molecules?

  6. Carbon ANSWER: One of the most important elements found in living things Has 4 valence electrons which means it can form 4 bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), phosphorous (P)

  7. Reactions • A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that links/joins monomers to form polymers and release water • Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that uses water to break down polymers back into monomers .

  8. Large Carbon Molecules-- are made from simpler molecules Monomers = small, single molecules Polymer = made of monomers linked in a long chain Macromolecules = large/GIANT polymers(can be thousands long) Macromolecules (polymers)

  9. Type 1 of 4 macromoleculesCarbohydrates (polysaccharides) Carbohydrates provides energy (glucose is energy source) for cells Monomers = MONO (single) SACCHARIDE (sugar) Ex: = glucose, fructose

  10. Monomer-monosaccharide • Polymer = polysaccharides

  11. Energy Currency • Life/cellular processes need constantenergy. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has energy stored in covalent bonds between phosphates.

  12. Chemical Reactions

  13. 2Fe + 3H2O- 2FeO3 + 3H2 Chemical reactions A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals by creating/breaking bonds { { Products Reactants

  14. What is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is when autotrophs make their own food/glucose. Photosynthesis takes light energy, water, and breaks apart carbon dioxide and converts it into stored energy in glucose.

  15. What is Photosynthesis? • http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio_animations/02_MH_Photosynthesis_Web/

  16. Where does Photosynthesis happen? (read) It happens inside the CHLOROPLAST, with dozens in the cells of each leaf.

  17. What are the Parts of the Chloroplast? • #1. Thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic membranes -Arranged in stacks called= #2. Granum. • solution surrounding them= #3. Stroma. Single thylakoid Stroma Granum Chloroplast

  18. A B C D A

  19. Why are Most Plants Green? Light travels in waves. In order to capture the energy in light, plants use a main pigment called chlorophyll. This pigment reflects green light making plants look green.

  20. Visible Light Spectrum The suns energy travels in waves The distance between waves = wavelength Different wavelengths of light are visible as different colors

  21. ROY G BIV Longest wavelength = Least amount of energy Shortest wavelength = larger amount of energy

  22. What colors do chlorophyll a,b absorb best? Worst? What colors do caretenoids absorb best? Worst

  23. -Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum. (absorbs blue/violet best) -Green light is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look green.

  24. Why Do Leaves Change Color in the Fall The chlorophyll breaks down, leaving only carotenoid pigments that reflect orange, red, and yellow..

  25. 8-1 Why do plants lookGreen? There is much more chlorophyll than the other pigments (the other colors are masked). In the Fall, chlorophyll is broken down and the accessory pigment colors are shown. Why do trees lose leaves in the winter? It’s difficult to absorb H2O from frozen ground so leaves drop off to save water.

  26. Reactants of photosynthesis? Carbon Dioxide + Water LIGHT Carbon Dioxide GLUCOSE Water

  27. Products of photosynthesis? Oxygen & Glucose LIGHT Oxygen Glucose GLUCOSE

  28. The GOAL of photosynthesis? -Oxygen is a waste product- GLUCOSE is the goal! LIGHT WASTE PRODUCT GLUCOSE GOAL

  29. The Equation! Light Energy Word Form: Carbon Dioxide +WaterGlucose + Oxygen Balanced Chemical Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2 Light Energy

  30. What are the Reactions? Photosynthesis is 2 reactions happening simultaneously in the chloroplast! -1st- Light Dependent Reaction. 2nd –Calvin Cycle a.k.a. Light Independent reaction The 2nd reaction can not happen without the first.

  31. Light Dependent Reaction Water molecule is split by water splitting enzyme-Oxygen is released and Hydrogen is sent to Calvin cycle Light Calvin Cycle Light- dependent reactions Chloroplast

  32. Light dependent reaction(Step 1) a.)Occurs in the thylakoids of chloroplast b.)Starts w/water (H2O) and sunlight light absorbed by chlorophyll molecules c.)Makes Oxygen (O2) ,ATP energy and NADPH energy **The ATP and NADPH will be used in reaction 2

  33. Light Dependent Reaction H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + P Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Calvin Cycle Chloroplast Glucose O2

  34. With your shoulder partner explain when/what/where happens to each of the following when they enter the thylakoids of the Light Dependent Reaction: • Water • NADP+ • ADP

  35. Light- dependent Reactions Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules This light energy excites electrons (excited electrons supply energy) and boosts them to higher energy levels. The electrons “fall” to a lower energy state, releasing energy that is harnessed to make ATP

  36. Energy Shuttling ATP: superb molecule for shuttling energy around within cells. Other energy shuttles-coenzymes (nucleotide based molecules): move electrons and protons around within the cell NADP+, NADPH NAD+, NADP FAD, FADH2

  37. Q: Explain why the splitting of water is important the continuation of the calvin cycle and to our survival? Provides Hydrogen the Calvin Cycle requires to make glucose and oxygen we need to breathe. Q: Explain how oxygen is generated in photosynthesis(p.117 Paragraph 5,6) Water is split in light dependent reaction, and the oxygen is released as a waste product Silently and Independently

  38. The Calvin Cycle (light-independent) (2nd Step) Occcurs in the stroma of the chloroplast Uses ATP from the light dependent reaction and CO2 to produce high energy glucose

  39. Calvin Cycle -aka-Light Independent Reaction H2O CO2 STROMA Light NADP+ ADP + P Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Calvin Cycle Chloroplast Glucose O2

  40. Glucose is used for what? Glucose is: 1) Broken apart and used to make ATP energy(easy to use) in cellular respiration-ATP is used for active transport and protein synthesis. 2) Chained together to make the plants body-(cellulose for cell walls) 3.) Stored as starch(another carb- ex.=potatoes) to be used later

  41. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 1) Light Intensity in light = ____ in the rate of photosynthesis 2)Temperature – best between 0 C and 35 C If the temperature is too high/low, this changes the shape of the enzymes involved in photosynthesis. 3) Carbon Dioxide Levels in CO2 = ____ in the rate of photosynthesis

  42. Why does the RATE of photosynthesis plateau/peak even though light intensity continues to increase?

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