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1. The City

   Urbanization and Suburbanization since the Industrial Revolution
2. The city as a form of settlement is historically a fairly recent phenomenon. Just as the high rise office building and wide span buildings and railway sheds are a product of new materials and building techniques and new technology so the modern city and its suburbs is a product of at first the railway and then the automobile infrastructures. Bath, Crescent housing, 1750 John Nash's London: Pre-industrial city, pedestrian parades and squares
3. Several ideas regarding urban development: Industrial Revolution: Urban rural polarities: Before the Industrial Revolution people worked in the country and came to town forrecreation (town house). After the Industrial Revolution people worked in the city (factories, tenements, rowhouses, markets and rail-hubs) and would then find recreation in the country. With thetotal involvement in industrial life and rapid extensive urbanization, nature wasdiscovered. Americans go outside to be alone, that is for privacy, and inside their houses forsocializing or community. Europeans go inside the house for privacy and outside for public or communalrelationships; e.g. Public Squares or piazzas, forms that are relatively uncommon inAmerica.
4. Industrial Manchester By 1844 - Manchester The old Georgian center (such as Nash's London) was replaced by a new commercialcenter,a square kilometer in extent and consisting almost entirely of offices andwarehouses. This district is cut through by certain main thoroughfaresupon which thevast traffic concentrates, and in which the ground level is lined with brilliant shops. Aroundthe center lay the economic generators of the cities: The factories, mills, gas works andrailway yard; between them huddled the houses and shacks of the workers.
5. Industrial Manchester Public Health Act Public Health Act main provision for main drainage and the protection of watersupplies from pollution in all cities and towns. This Act, in addition to others, made localauthorities legally responsible for sewerage, refuge collection, water supply, roads, theinspection of slaughterhouses and the burial of the dead. Similar provisions were to occupyHaussmann during the rebuilding of Paris between 1853 and 1870.
6. Haussmann's Paris modern Industrial hub In 1853 Haussmann was appointed the prefect for the Seine in the service of EmperorNapoleon III in order to secure the city and improve its economic and living conditions as amodern Industrial hub.Between 1853 and 1868 the center of Paris was ruthlessly reshapedinto a grand design of new routes and spaces. From a round point at the center of a webof radial avenuesa small detachment of artillery could control an entire district; troops andpolice could move swiftly around the city on a ring of exterior boulevards:The newceremonial spaces which provided dignified settings for public buildings could also protectthem from surprise attacks.
7. Haussmann's Paris reconstruction of the city The reconstruction of the city was part of a much bigger program of civic improvement inwhich Haussmann overhauled the local government system, provided a new water supply and drainage, laid out parks and constructed new bridges, fountains and publicbuildings, as alienation, anonymity and a life spent in a reductive human context. and informal building layout and above all a mass of trees and open spacewhich undeniably contributed to people's health, as well as to their aesthetic pleasure.
8. Chicago city center gridplan By 1891 intensive exploitation of the city center was possible, due to two developments essential to the erection of the high rise buildings: the invention in 1853 of a passenger lift, and the perfection in 1890 of the steel frame. With the introduction of the underground railway (1863). the electric tram (1884) and commuter rail transit (1890). the garden suburb emerged as the natural unit for future urban expansion.The complementary relationship of these two American forms of urban development - the high rise downtown and the low rise garden suburb- was demonstrated in the building boom that followed the great Chicago fire of 1871.
9. Chicago city center, grid plan physicalform As in any big city center, the physical form of downtown Chicago with its new sky scraperswas determined by high land values, themselves a reflection of the natural tendency in anycommercial center towards growth and concentration, and of the shortage of availableland. Chicago is an example of a concentric city where its urban form is shaped bysocial and economic factors, which create definable social zones in concentric ringsabout the downtown business area. Its physical form is predominantly a grid
10. The Concentric city and the Lineal city the concentric form posed problems of physical growth,especially for the central area The linear form solved the problem of expansion - it could be added to at will wholly encircled by suburbs, could be expanded only through increased densities, building heights and costs, traffic congestion and high landvalues though intended as a main arterial route, would become choked with local traffic, and others anticipated thesoulLessnessand lack of local identity of a city of infinite length
11. Urban theory and practice 1 the English concentricgarden city Rail transit on a much smaller scale, by tram or by train was to be the maindeterminant of two alternative models of the American concentric model in the mannerof the European garden city. One was the axial structure of the Spanish linear gardencity, first described in the early 1880's by Y Mata, and the other was the English concentricgarden city, shown as circumnavigated by rail in Ebenezer Howard's book entitled, Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, of 1898.
12. Letchworth in Hertfordshire Letchworth garden city It was however, the English garden city in its modified form that came to be widelyadopted, rather than the linear model. The radical interpretation of Howard's originaldiagrams reflected in the layout of the first garden city, Letchworth in Hertfordshire(started in 1903) began the English garden city movement. Letchworth garden city is quitefar-removed form Howard's initial diagram. The railway bisects the city, the shopping centeris exposed to weather, and industry is mixed with residential areas in a totally expedient wav.
13. Tony Garnier: The Industrial city a 'Cite' Industrielle', CIAM Athens Charter :1933 Tony Gamier believed that the future city would apply basic economic and technical precepts for the foundation and organization of the modern city. The emerging technical infra­structures and milieu found its reflection in Garnier's project for a 'Cite' Industrielle', which he first exhibited in 1904; a project which demonstrated his belief that the cities of the future would have to be based on industry. Garnier's industrial city of 35,000 inhabitants was not only a regional center of medium size,sensitively related to its environment, but also an urban organization that anticipated in itsseparate zoning (i.e. work, residential, recreational and transportation systems) theprinciple of the CIAM Athens Charter of 1933.It was above all a socialist city, without wallsor private property, without church or barracks, without police station or law courts; a citywhere the entire unbuilt surface was public parkland.
14. Suburbia and Radburn motorvehicle newtown of Radburn After the First World War as industrial activity continued to expand the motor industry in particular underwent a period of unique rapid growth. The motor vehicle began to affect the environment, most immediately by encouraging the further growth of suburbia. InVictorian times suburban development clustered around the railway stations: between thewarsa lower density dispersed pattern was possible by the increased accessibility brought bythe motor car. Just as Henry Ford's aim was to increase the market by widening the social range of car-owners, so realtors sought to extend house ownership to a wider cross-sectionof society; e.g. the developer Abraham Levitt- Levittown
15. Ville Contemporaine Radiant City and Plan Voisin for Paris L Corbusier’s 'Ville Contemporaine' for three million people. With its high rise, high densitycenter, its sophisticated traffic network and its emphasis on space and greenery, itbrought together the ideas of the garden city and the dynamic metropolis,owing something to Howard, to Gamier The rationale behind the Ville Cotemporainewas relatively straightforward. High-densitydesign living was torn be combined with the maximum of open space and fresh airthrough the use of new techniques like steel and concrete construction and with thehelp of the motor car. Mechanized traffic was to be separated from the pedestrian by theuse of pilotis: indeed the entire green floor of the city was to be kept free as the buildingswere to be lifted up.
16. The automobile city LosAngeles: The archetype of suburban affluence was Los Angeles. Los Angeles cut across the conventional European concept of what a city should be. It was vast and sprawling,two hundred square kilometers in extent. It had no coherent architectural form in the conventional sense, and its downtown area, with two thirds of the land given over to roads and parking,was the exact reverse of the high-density European City center. Instead it had itsown structural logic provided by the freeway system....
17. City Form is City Function F.L. Wright: Broadacre : De- centralized auto/electricity Rail: Centralized and pedestrian Auto: De-centralized/wheel