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ESS 303 – Biomechanics

This article explores the biomechanics of the ankle and foot, focusing on the tibiofibular joints and ankle joint mechanics. It covers joint types, movements such as dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, as well as subtalar joint functions associated with inversion and eversion. The impact of foot arches on stability and function, ligament roles, and rehabilitation approaches after injuries are also examined. Key muscles involved in ankle mobility, the gait cycle, and weight-bearing mechanics further illuminate the complexity of lower limb movement and its evolutionary advantages.

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ESS 303 – Biomechanics

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  1. ESS 303 – Biomechanics Ankle and Foot

  2. Tibiofibular Joint • Similar to radioulnar joint • Superior tibiofibular joint • Middle tibiofibular joint (interosseus membrane) • Inferior tibiofibular joint • Rotational movements not called pronation or supination

  3. Ankle Joint • Distal tibia and fibula articulates with talus • Hinge joint – sagital plane • Flexion – dorsiflexion (about 20°) • Extension – plantarflexion or volar flexion (30-50°) • Some transverse plane (rotational) movement possible • 7° medial, 10 ° lateral • Some frontal plane (side-to-side tilt) movement possible • ≈ 5 ° frontal talar tilt

  4. Foot Positions • Subtalar or talocalcaneal joint • Inversion & eversion • Pronation = ankle dorsiflexion + subtalar (calcaneal) eversion + forefoot abduction (external rotation) • Supination = ankle plantarflexion + subtalar (calcaneal) inversion + forefoot adduction (internal rotation)

  5. Foot Positions

  6. Arches of the Foot

  7. Arches of the Foot

  8. Arch Positions • Normal • High arch: Pes cavus • Low arch (flat foot): Pes planus

  9. Ankle Joint Stability • Distal ends of tibia and fibula – like mortise (pinchers) of adjustable wrench • Tibia is weight bearing • Fibula is considered non-weight bearing – may hold up-to 10% of body weight • Multiple ligaments

  10. Ligaments and Sprains

  11. Ligaments and Sprains

  12. Return to Activity • Must have complete range of motion and at least 80-90% of pre-injury strength before return to sport • If full practice is tolerated w/out insult, athlete can return to competition • Must involve gradual progression of functional activities, slowly increasing stress on injured structure

  13. Movements & Major Muscles • Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior • Plantar flexion: Gastrocnemius & soleus • Inversion: Tibialis anterior, peroneus longus & peroneus brevis • Eversion: Peroneus tertius

  14. Biomechanics of Gate • Stance phase (60-65%) • Heel contact (heel strike or initial contact) • Foot flat (loading response) • Mid stance • Heel off (terminal stance) • Toe off • Swing phase (35-40%) • Toe off (acceleration or initial swing) • Mid swing • Heel contact (deceleration or terminal swing)

  15. Single Limb Weight Bearing • Pelvis forms a 1st class lever • Hip is fulcrum, resistance force is body weight, effort force is from abductors and adductors • Body is drawn over supporting leg by adductor muscles • Hip abductors of the support leg prevent the pelvis from dropping on the opposite (unsupported) side

  16. Knee Joint and Gate

  17. Knee Joint and Gate • Chimpanzee: medial and lateral condyle similar • Human: medial condyle larger than lateral condyle – allows COM to shift over foot

  18. Advantages/disadvantages to Bipedal Locomotion • Disadvantages • Loss of speed • Loss of agility • Advantages • Carry food • Carry tools • Increased ability to nurture/protect offspring • Enable to give birth more often

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