Thomas Heinbockel, Ph.D. Assistant Professor & Director of Graduate Studies Department of Anatomy

1. Authorship and Publications in a Changing Research Environment Thomas Heinbockel, Ph.D. Assistant Professor & Director of Graduate Studies Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine N.P.G. Adams Bldg. 1106-A, 520 W St., N.W. Washington, DC 20059 Tel: 202-806-9873, theinbockel@howard.edu

2. Philosophy of Authorship and Publications: • mission of the university: • seek & disseminate knowledge, • conduct research in open, fair & morally responsible manner • guarantee originality of work, provide credit & receive credit • scholarly activity as measure for professional decisions • authorship = responsibility, authority, academic success

3. Credit in a Multidisciplinary Environment: • allocation of credit for scholarly work: • list of authors, acknowledgments, list of references • science as a collaborative enterprise • one author, multiple authors, 1925 vs. 2006 • the new research environment (NIH Roadmap) • multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary research centers • network of excellence, network of research universities • national consortium

4. Authorship, Who & Why: • authorship credit, authorship order • supervision and mentoring of trainees • discussion of the division of credit among all collaborators • who is an author? Substantial intellectual contribution • authorship credit only for work you have actually performed or to which you have contributed  responsibility & credit • multi-author output: all authors are responsible for accuracy & fairness and culpable until proven otherwise • special responsibility of first author

5. The Call to Order: • order of authors’ names reflects relative contribution • graduate student as first author if work is based on the thesis • first author: creative, intellectual contribution, integral to work • first author: - develop research design, carry out experiments, - analyze data, interpret results, write manuscript

6. Authorship Dilemmas: • faculty – student relationship • early agreement on authorship credit & order • make it your project, it is your thesis project • notion of informed consent • renegotiation of authorship credit & order • unexpected turns in your research • moving on to new horizons

7. When it is Not Authorship: • possession of institutional or supervisory position • minor contribution to research or writing, minor editorial work • providing lab space, funding for student’s dissertation • providing equipment, reagents, collection of data, typing, data analyses specified by PI or you, purely technical help • spending lots of time & effort • authorship based on scholarly importance of professional contribution  acknowledgments include persons listed above

8. Practical Tips for New Trainess: • research abstract  poster presentation  original peer reviewed publication • multi-authorship, multi-PI research, small labs vs. big labs • author sequence: first, last or middle author • quality vs. quantity, your 5 best papers, the complete story • publish or perish - before graduation? • publication and rejection (more rejection than publication) • role of pubs for graduation, promotion, job hunting

9. More Tips for New Trainees: • your dissertation committee, put them to work • discuss with your mentor, where are the limits of my project, who else is involved in the project (postdocs, graduate students, collaborators) • disclosure of contributions of (co-)authors as % effort (idea, experiments, writing) • you do the writing, at least the first draft; it is part of your dissertation • original publication vs. review

10. References: http://www.apastyle.org/authorship.html http://www.yorku.ca/grads/policies/intellectualproperty http://www.hms.harvard.edu/integrity/scientif.html http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/services/atf_whitepaper.cfm http://www.icmje.org/ http://hermes.wits.ac.za/www/Academic/Research/authorship.html http://www.mcgill.ca/researchoffice/policies/sponsored/policies/training/ http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/rph/2-8.html http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/GSH/Sec3i.html http://newton.nap.edu/html/obas/contents/publication.html