Minery in Poland

1. Minery inPoland author: Magdalena Sieczka, Wioleta Czech

2. Brown coal Hard coal Rock salt Sulphur

3. Hard coal The second important for begining hard coal period was Carbon. In warm and wet climate expanded – and next dead – large quantities of plants. Dominanted at that time: large moss, horsetails, ferns and others primitive plants. Sediments were covered vegetation layer. In this condition of high temperature and pressure it transformed to coal. That deposits were elevate nearer the ground surface. To comming into being contributed change of climate in Perm era. It caused mass dying out of predominant at this time vegetations. Hard coal is fossil fuel by galenic. It is resulting from slow change of plant – tissue wastes, unaerobic digestion and action of high temperature and pressure prevailing under earth.

4. Hard coal The first hard coal mine came into being in Szczakowa – district of Jaworzno city in 1767. Polish mineral resources are one of a greatest in the world. The places of mining: province malopolska: Libiąż – KWK "Janina", Brzeszcze – KWK "Brzeszcze", Trzebinia – KWK „Siersza”. Province Silesia: mainly Jaworzno, Uppersilesia Industrial District, Rybnik’s Coal District and Dabrowa’s Coalfield. A basic method exploitation of coal minery in Poland is depth-mining industry. Construct vertical coal-pit which miners drive downhill and back uphill. This way transport an extract minery on surface.

5. Hard coal

6. Brown coal The greatest mineral depisit of brown coal in Poland are found near Turoszow (Turoszow’s Basin of Brown coal), Belchatow (Bełchatow’s Basin of Brown coal) and Konin (Konin’s Basin of Brown coal), moreover in Upper Silesia (precincts Legnica). Brown coal, one of mineral coal, has 65-78% element’s coal. Lightbrown colour, brown to black. We discern some types of brown coal: hard coals, soft, ksylit with wood’s structures. We can find it in gertiary layers, sometime in Cretaceous’s layers, Jura and Trias, also Carbon’s layers.

7. Brown coal

8. Rock salt From earliest times the sald was a economic’s basic state. It serves in ancient times on polish lands as currency. At first a sald was receiving from sold springs of a brew method, consisting by evaporation of water. During deepening of salty springs striked on sald - deposit, which started to extract with the aid of tools – this is a beginning of minning of rock sald. Rock sald (Halit) is a mineral from group of halogens. The name comes from greek’s words halos -sald, oraz lithos – rock. The mineral known and used from ancient times. It’s a product of crystallization sea’s waters or salt lakes. It creates rash on a desert. Rock sald is existing among volcano’s ekshalation.

9. Rock salt The beginning of "Wieliczka„, one of famous salt mine in the world, to Middle Ages back, when it named Magnum Sal – Great Salt.The oldest documents telling about mine’s history it privilege of King Kazimierz I from 1044, calling Wieliczka Mine "magnum sal alias Wieliczka". Wieliczka’s Mine has 9 levels. First level – „Level Bono” – to come down 64 meters deep, while last is placed 327 meters under surface of the Earth. The total lenght of gallery, adding about 3000 underground cavity exceeds 300 km. The cubature of group mine working it’s about 7,5 mln m³.

10. Rock salt

11. Sulphur • In Poland deposits of sulphr in natural state are found about Tarnobrzeg City (Piaseczno, Machów, Jeziórko), south of Szydłowiec (Grzybów, Osiek) and about Lubaczów (Horyniec, Basznia). The sulphur appears in natural state, also in the form of many minerals. These are sulphide and sulphate: • sulphite: piryte, chalcopiryte, marcasyt, blenda zinc, galena. • sulphate: gips, anhydrite, baryta, kainit, celestine, kizerite. The sulphur saliented in natural state is extracted most often in a open – cast method and flotation. At present in Poland in parts of Tarnobrzeg, deposit of sulphur beinging in depth from few dozen meters under surface of ground, smelts overheat steam and extracts it on surface of terrain useing compressed air.

12. Sulphur

13. Historic mine in Tarnowskie Góry The first documentary mention of the lead-ore mining has dated from 1136 and said about the dig miners of silver in the vicinity of Bytom, the later mining town, which inhabitants used silver cradles for their children, as other people told about them. From the XIII century the mining of lead-ore has already existed in the neighbourhood of Repty village (now the quarter of Tarnowskie Góry). HISTORIC MINE- MUSEUM Opened for visitors in 1976 iz a object situated on the south part of town at "Szczęść Boże" Street No. 52. The object contains Museum of mining of metal-ores in the over-shaft building and tourist route, which has a lenght of 1700 m and about 40 m. deep, including to row by boats on distance about 270 m. long. THE "BLACK TROUT" GALLERY Has been accessed for visitors from 1957, is to be found on the south-west part of town in the large Repecki Park, situated near the "Repty" Upper Silesian Rehabilitation Centre. We have to climb down on foot by winding stairs and next to go by boats through the sector of about 600 m long and nearly 25 m deep, next we continue the underground travel along the water-gallery hollowed out in 1821-1835, in darkness brightened only by a twinkling carbide lamp. It remains unforgettable impresions. The Upper Silesian Industrial District is not only the today coal and steel region, but also a very old mining centre of lead-ores with silver admixture, to be called in the former times the silver carrier ore and the mining of iron-ores which in the past centuries formed this land.

14. Author of presentation: Magdalena Sieczka Wioleta Czech Class II e High School nr 1 of the named Adam Mickiewicz