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The challenge of financial transparency. A developing country perspective. Krishen Mehta. Why is recovery of funds so difficult? The principle of layering. How does layering affect information exchange?. L icit accounts subject to information exchange, but only a small amount
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The challenge of financial transparency A developing country perspective Krishen Mehta
Why is recovery of funds so difficult? The principle of layering
How does layering affect information exchange? • Licit accounts subject to information exchange, but only a small amount • Illicit accounts, real owner is unknown, and the majority of the funds are here
Who protects these accounts? • Switzerland, Singapore, Dubai • Island nations like Cayman, Jersey, Isle of Man (UK) • Enclaves like Delaware, Wyoming, Florida (US)
How beneficial are DTAA, TIEA and AEI to developing countries?
Some Solutions to Consider A. Rein in the informal economy that feeds into the Hawala system
B: Strengthen the beneficial ownership laws in each country, 'un layer' the layers
C: Automatic withholding on anonymous accounts, will require cross-border agreements
D: Domestic disclosure of overseas bank accounts and other assets
E: Strengthening of Financial Intelligence Units (FIU) and AML policies and procedures
F: Heavier penalties on banks, financial institutions, and individuals for transgressions
12 Conclusion the way forward...