1. Is There Life Beyond Earth? Section 6

2. Warm-Up • How many students got an “A” in marking period 2 in 8th grade science? • What information would you need to figure this out? • How many homerooms are there in 8th grade? • How many students in each homeroom? • How many possible grades are there? • A, B, C, D, F 5 possible grades (20% A)

3. How many intelligent alien civilizations do you think exist? • Drake equation-an attempt to estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy with which we might come in contact N = N* fp ne fl fi fc fL • The equation can really be looked at as a number of questions

4. N = N* fp ne fl fi fc fL • N, the number of communicating civilizations in the galaxy. • N* represents the number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy • fp is the fraction of stars that have planets around them • ne is the number of planets per star that are capable of sustaining life • fl is the fraction of planets in ne where life evolves • fi is the fraction of fl where intelligent life evolves • fc is the fraction of fi that communicate • fL is fraction of the planet's life during which the communicating civilizations live

5. Try the Drake Equation Yourself • http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/SETI/drake_equation.html • What was the number of communicating civilizations in the galaxy that your class came up with? • ___________

6. Exoplanets • Exploring Outside of our Solar System • www.brainpop.com (2 clips) • Exoplanets • Aliens

7. SETI Program • SETI — the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence • The Mission of the SETI Institute is to explore, understand and explain the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe • www.unitedstreaming.com • Earth Science: The Universe • Clip: Searching for Extraterrestrial Life (3min)

8. Why Complex Life May Be Rare • The Rare Earth Hypothesis argues that life on Earth required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances • Some conditions that a planet needs for complex life to exist • Habitable zone the necessary existence of liquid water requires that the temperature of the planet be neither too high nor too low. • Acentral star of the right character • Planetary system: Inner and Outer Planets • Need a large Jupiter-sized planet to keep asteroids away • Size of planet-if its mass is too large, the planet will become a gaseous planet with an atmosphere made essentially of hydrogen and helium. In such conditions, the chemical reactions of life cannot occur. If it is too small, it will not be able to maintains an atmosphere. • Large moon- keeps the climate stable • Chemistry of the atmosphere

10. Life on Earth All living things: • Are made up of one or more cells • Take in energy and use it to grow and develop • Reproduce • Give off waste

11. The “Goldilocks” Conditions • Life exists on Earth…No one knows whether life exists anywhere other than Earth • Earth has: • Liquid water • Suitable temperature range • Atmosphere for living things to survive • Scientists call these favorable conditions the “Goldilocks” conditions

12. Extreme Conditions • Scientists have discovered living things in places where it was once believed that life could not exist: • Examples: • Giant tubeworms in the deep ocean • Single-celled organisms in hot springs • Tiny life-forms inside solid rock

13. These discoveries show that the range of conditions in which life can exist is much greater than scientists once thought • We have found organisms that can survive in conditions without water, in extreme heat, extreme cold, and extreme acidity

14. http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/microbes/

15. Life on Mars? • Spacecraft have found regions on the surface of Mars that look like streambeds with crisscrossing paths of water • Life requires water so scientists hypothesize that Mars may have once had conditions for life to exist

16. Video clips • www.unitedstreaming.com • http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/04/60minutes/main3994925.shtml (entire segment-10minutes) • Inner Solar System: Mars Clips (5 min total): • Mars Global Surveyor Explores Evidence of Water on Mars • Mars Odyssey Searches for Water and Ice • 2003: Mars Express, Beagle II, Spirit Rover, and Opportunity Lander

17. Life on Europa? • One of Jupiter’s moons explored by Voyager spacecraft • Europa has a smooth, icy crust with giant cracks • Similar patterns occur in the ice crust over Earth’s Arctic Ocean • Scientists hypothesize that there is a liquid ocean under Europa’s ice-the water could be kept liquid by heat coming from inside Europa

19. Water on Saturn’s Moon? • Images from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft indicate that one of Saturn’s moons, Enceladus, may contain pockets of liquid water below its icy crust

20. Water on Saturn’s Moon • Liquid water geyers make Enceladus a very exciting place to look for life • Unknown heat sources inside Enceladus melt ice into deposits of subsurface water and under pressure, these water pockets burst through the icy crust The white streaks in this image are backlit geysers of water ice, rising hundreds of miles into space from Enceladus’s dark disc

22. In 2009, a NASA probe on India’s lunar orbiter discovered 600 million metric tons (158 billion gallons) of water ice in 40 craters at the Moon’s North Pole. In 2009, NASA crashed two probes into the Moon’s South Pole and there was significant amounts of water in the debris cloud Most Recent Discovery: Water Ice on the Moon