Anti-Seismic Measures on Water Supp ｌ y Introduction and Overview

1. Anti-Seismic Measures on Water SuppｌyIntroduction and Overview Akira NITTA Water Supply Division Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Government of Japan

2. Significant earthquakes in the vicinity of Japan magnitude （From Jan. 1996 to Jul. 2006） Depth (km) Source:http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/higai/higai1996-new.html

3. Recent Major Earthquakes in Japan ■ Kobe Earthquake - January 17,1995 ◆ Epicenter: beneath Kobe City ◆ Richter magnitude scale: 7.3 ◆ Fatalities : more than 6,000 ◆ Disruption of water supply : about 1.3 million households just after the disaster, the amount of damage reached about 56 billion JPY (460 million US$) ◆ Emergency restoration of water supply facilities : took about 3 months

4. Kobe Earthquake- Jan 17,1995 - ←Damage to Buildingsin Kobe City Damage to Water Pipes　→ （φ８００ｍｍ）

5. Kobe Earthquake- Jan 17,1995 - Fires happened frequently, and a lot of houses were burnt down.

6. Kobe Earthquake- Jan 17,1995 - The sixth floor of the city office was crushed.

7. Recent Major Earthquakes in Japan ■ The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake - October 23, 2004 ◆ Epicenter: mountainous region ◆ Richter magnitude scale: 6.9 ◆ Fatalities : 40 ◆ Injuries : about 4,500 ◆ Disruption of water supply : about 130 thousand households ◆ Emergency restoration of water supply facilities : took from 1 to 2 months

8. The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake- Oct 23, 2004 – Damage to Small-scale Water Supply Facility due to Landslide

9. The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake- Oct 23, 2004 – Damage to water pipes under the ground

10. The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake- Oct 23, 2004 - Emergency Water Supply by Water Wagon

11. Damage to water facilities at the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake • Damage to water treatment plants and distribution reservoirs 　・Large plants and reservoirs were slightly damaged 　・Small plants and reservoirs in the mountain area were seriously damaged by breakdown of surrounding ground. These were moved or sagged and their functions were crashed. 　・Private electric generator for emergency didn’t start up immediately because of groundwater influx and damage to the peripheral pumps and equipments such as coolant water pumps. 　・Antiseismic reinforced facilities were taken no damage.

12. Damage to water facilities at the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake • Damage to pipe lines 　・The ratio of damage to pipe lines was less than the Kobe earthquake. 　・The most damage hit the soft grounds, developed lands banking area and slopes, which is the same tendency of the Kobe earthquake. 　・The pipe lines in the mountain area were flown out with the slope and road failures. 　・It was ascertained that antiearthquake measures to pipe lines and renewal of decrepit pipe lines based on the knowledge obtained by Kobe earthquake were effective.

13. Measures at the hardware side • Antiseismic reinforcement of water supply facilities • Create earthquake-resistance standards of facilities • Development of promotion program to enhance earthquake safety to facilities • Promotion of improvement to supply main medical centers with quake proof water distributing pipes • Urgent renewal of aging and weak pipelines • Securing of reservoir capacity at distributing reservoir → securing capacity for 12 hours • Installation of emergency cutoff valves • Looping of pipe lines • Multiplication of water resources • Development of emergency water supply bases

14. Effective precaution for water supply-Buildings- Seismic damage depends on ground condition and peripheral land form ・It is important to select location of facilities and foundation structure cautiously. ・Don’t select high groundwater level area, steep slope and mounded lands.

15. Effective precaution for water supply-Pipe lines- ・Use earthquake-resistant pipes Coated steel pipes Ductile cast-iron pipes with earthquake-resistant joints Polyethylene pipes with electric fusion joint ・Construct bypass and looped pipelines Cost-effectiveness analysis is necessary

16. Earthquake-resistant joint of Ductile Cast-Iron Pipe

17. Rate of earthquake-resistant waterworks facilities and pipelines Rate of earthquake-resistant(%) Water treatment plants Distribution reservoirs Main pipelines

18. Emergency cut-off valves

19. Emergency water supply bases

20. Emergency water supply bases in Tokyo source：http://www.waterworks.metro.tokyo.jp/pp/suido/kyusui_point.htm

21. Measures at the software side • Development of emergency water supply planning - Securing of other water supply method and water resource and emergency water delivery route for residents • Cooperation agreement between waterworks - Emergency supply and rehabilitation assistance to the waterworks affected by earthquake from other unaffected waterworks • Cooperation with relevant institutions such as sewerage - Communicate information about influx to water resources from raw sewage and industrial wastewater - Coordination of restoration of water supply and sewage line

22. Rescue operation Enhancement of emergency water supply ・water supply by transport ・water supply at base points Fast restoration ・Information gathering ・Emergency repair ・Secure manpower and accept support from other waterworks

23. Waterworks Vision Measures to Improve the Quality of the Future Water Supply Service (November 1990) Long-Term Objectives for Development of the Water Supply Service for the 21st Century (Clean Water Supply Service) (June 1991) Ideal Water Supply Service and Water Administration in the 21st Century (Panel on Basic Issues Concerning Waterworks, July 1999) Partial Amendment to the Waterworks Law in 2001 Growing concerns over issues related to waterworks Changing environment surrounding the water supply in Japan Analysis and evaluation of the current and future prospects of the service Ideal water supply service in the future Setting common goals among parties involved in the service Defining future policy issues Clarifying specific measures and actions to be taken Waterworks Vision (2004)

24. Goal Policy Measures Policy objectives Ideal water supply service Promotion of measures Water supply system that strives to be a leading player in the world Setting higher goals and making steady progress Service that customers are always satisfied with and are willing to support Providing a world-class service in various contexts <Safety > < Stability > < Sustainability > < Environment > < Globalization > • 1) Safety • Supply people with safe and good-tasting tap water • 2) StabilityA stable supply of water for domestic use anytime, anywhere • 3) Sustainability • Strengthening the basis of the water supply system taking local characteristics into account • Preserving and developing practices and skills accumulated in the water supply service • Improving the water supply service based on customer needs • 4) EnvironmentContribute to environmental conservation • 5) GlobalizationContribute to the world by transferring our experiences to other countries (1) Strengthening the basis of the water supply system (2) Ensuring a safe and convenient water supply (3) Improving disaster prevention (4) Improving environmental and energy measures (5) International contributions in the water supply service through international cooperation

25. Thank you very much for your kind attention!